Government As An Institution Of Social Control - 991 Words

While each system of government is set up differently, in general the purpose of government is to be an institution of social control. The American government was set up to protect the rights of all of its citizens, particularly to protect the minority from the will of the majority. The foundation of the American government is the Constitution, and it is from this document that we can understand the basic role of the American government. Beyond what is outlined in the Constitution, the American government also has the duty to protect its citizens basic human rights. As outlined by the United Nations, some basic human rights are: life and liberty, freedom of speech, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, quality education, right to health, not to be murdered, tortured, or enslaved or imprisoned without charge. It is the duty of every government to make sure each one of these rights are upheld for each of its citizens. other than this, it is up to each collective society to decided how their government will be run. This being said, I believe in order to uphold basic human rights the American government needs more control in areas such as health care and education. Access to quality health care is a basic human right. This being said it is the duty of a nation to ensure that its citizens have equal access to quality health care. This basic human right is unfortunately not upheld very well in the United States. The United States has the highest cost of healthShow MoreRelatedSociology : The Social Problem Of Poverty1251 Words   |  6 Pagespublic issues of social structure. Mills also believed that without a sociological imagination, individualistic bias makes people think that individuals are the source of trouble, when some of the worst problems are caused by social forces. You could use a sociological imagination to examine the social problem of poverty by looking at the social forces that are relevant to the problem. Poverty is a social proble m rather than an individual problem because it is a deeply embedded social issue that permeatesRead More Social Institutions Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages The Military Social Institution is one of the three Primary Social Institutions. The military was initially established to help protect, as well as unify a country, but since it’s development, it’s done so plus more. The Military as a social institution has led to domination and conquering of sorts, while trying to balance morals and justifications. Since the military is run by the government, it can be assumed that not only does this institution try to control and rationalize, but also continueRead MoreSocial Institutions Essay examples1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe Military Social Institution is one of the three Primary Social Institutions. The military was initially established to help protect, as well as unify a country, but since its development, its done so plus more. The Military as a social institution has led to domination and conquering of sorts, while trying to balance morals and justifications. Since the military is run by the government, it can be assumed that not only does this institution try to control and rationalize, but also continueRead MorePower And Institutional Control / Domination Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pageswriting will reflect on power and institutional control/ domination. This paper will discuss how supplemental readings #4 Emile Durkheim- The Rules of Sociological Method, #14 Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto, #16 Max Weber- Economy and Society #20 M. Foucault- Docile Bodies from Discipline and Punish all contribute to a true meaning understanding of power and institutions control/ domination. The key components that deals with power, and institutions control/ domination are family relationships betweenRead MoreHow Much Power Should the American Government Yield901 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens of the United States of America is on government, and more spe cifically on how much power the government should yield. The philosophical question I will be posing in this article is ‘what should the government have the power to do’. All the way to the left, we have liberals who believe in a big government and a government that is involved with supporting the people and curbing social inequalities and social hierarchy while supporting social equality. On the other side of the spectrum weRead MoreIn The Immortal Words Of Thomas Paine, â€Å"A Constitution1435 Words   |  6 PagesIn the immortal words of Thomas Paine, â€Å"a constitution defines and limits the powers of the government it creates† (Paine 1805). One of the great debates among Constitutional scholars is just what the exact purpose of Constitutions are. Some argue that Constitutions function as expressions of values of the populace at the time. Others theorize that Constitutions serve as tools of social coordination. While both of these theories have merit, at the end of the day, Constitutions primarily functionRead MoreThe American Dream1183 Words   |  5 Pagesachievable freedoms, yet crime rates are high and constant here in America, unlike other countries. How did this happen? Is it due to the desired American dream, social institutions, and institutional imbalances or is it due to the culture style, structure of the institution and the economy that has shaped these American social institutions? The authors of Crime and the American Dream, Robert Messner and Richard Rosenfeld Institutional anomie theory suggest that the lawful road to gain successRead MoreDefinition Of A Social Institution1281 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment and familiarized myself with the concept of a social institution from our textbook. ‘Pay Gap Is Because Of Gender, Not Job’ is the title of the article I chose. I identified the social institution in the article as ‘economic’. Economic Institution There are five common types of social institutions: economic, governmental, family, educational, religious. They are the principal structures in all societies and relate to general factors of social life and life overall. The chosen article relatesRead MoreStalins Methods for Removing the Opposition802 Words   |  3 Pageswith his increased and radicalized input of terror compared to Lenin’s use of terror during the Civil War in 1917-1921, which does not equate to the same economic success that Stalin achieved with his policies. This is similar but different to the social and economic change after the 1905 revolution with Stolypin’s Duma and October manifesto used to supress revolutionaries but resulted in another assassination after reforms in 1911 with Stolypin and Alexander 2nd in 1881 with the Emancipation EdictRead MoreThe Age Of The Renaissance1287 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern era. In Europe, the renaissance was a time of social and cultural changes. Many of t he current social, cultural, and political structures in the USA have ties to the influences of this time period. During the renaissance there were three basic forms of Government: princedoms, monarchies and oligarchies. Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and apply the laws; mediating conflict; creating policies for economic and social systems; and to provide a representation for the

Manners and Etiquette of Pride and Prejudice - 1801 Words

Rebekah Johnson Mrs. Tencza Late European History 21 November 2012 Do’s and Donts of Pride and Prejudice In 19th century England, manners played a big role. In her book Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays many different aspects of English social manners in the 1800s, and these facets of English etiquette, including traveling etiquette, social propriety, and dancing, greatly affect the plot of the book. One aspect of English social etiquette was the set of strict rules for how one was to act to appear as a socially adept person and therefore a desirable match for marriage. They were for the most part unspoken rules, but during the 19th century there began to be a growing selection of etiquette books available, for instance, Dr.†¦show more content†¦He dances every dance, is very courteous, and pays special attention to Jane (Austen 278-279). Because of these two characters’ different behavior at this first ball, they establish their reputations; Darcy gets a bad reputation as a proud and disagreeable man, and Mr. Bingley gets a reputation as an amiable man who is fun to be around. Mr. Bingley through dancing also got an opportunity to show Jane that he cared about her; in the 1800s, if a gentleman asked to dance with a lady twice it usually meant that said gentleman was interested in the lady. At the first ball, â€Å"Mr. Bingley danced with [Jane] twice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Austen 279) and thereby showed his affection for her, an affection that grows stronger throughout Pride and Prejudice. Dancing also affects the plot of Pride and Prejudice. During the ball at Netherfield, Darcy dances with Elizabeth, and two important things happen during this dance. First, Darcy’s affection for Elizabeth begins to flourish. As he is dancing with her, they have a little argument. After the dance, Darcy begins to be angry at Elizabeth, but â€Å"†¦in Darcy’s breast there was a tolerable powerful feeling towards [Elizabeth], which soon procured her pardon, and directed all his anger against another.† Also, during this dance Elizabeth’s view of what happened between Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham, that Mr. Darcy has shamelessly exploited Mr. Wickham, is established in her own mind. Without dancing, the plot of Pride andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Importance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice822 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice Manners have survived throughout the many passing years of history and culture to influence the ways human beings interact even today in the way we relate to one another: what is acceptable and unacceptable social behavior. Proper manners in everything from conversation to eating have long been distinguishing mark of social status. Even now they are often important in business and social situations. But in the eighteenth century, manners wereRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1152 Words   |  5 PagesAusten’s Pride and Prejudice. The character Mr. Bingley could be considered gentlemen because of his manners, and the way he treats others. Mr. Darcy was not a gentleman to start, but changed by the end of the story, while the character of Mr. Wickham shows no resemblance to gentlemen at all. The title of gentlemen had a lot of rules and responsibilities that had to be kept in order to garner the respect of the people in the community (Gentleman). The majorit y of the male characters in Pride and PrejudiceRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen859 Words   |  3 PagesIn Jane Austen’s 1813 Pride and Prejudice displayed the 1800’s culture revolving around marriage, gentry, and the Rights of Women. The time era in Pride and prejudice, wealth influenced social interactions, and matrimonies. Pride and prejudice revolved around a conservative view of social life gradually branching throughout â€Å"wants and needs† into an ongoing profession of modern day marriages. Mainly focused on the Bennet family regarding marriage due to Mrs. Bennet advocates her five daughters toRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe novels Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen each present a story in which the precariousness of social class and the perniciousness of love constitute a central conflict. Both the protagonist from Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff, and the protagonist from Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet, share a confident, yet stubborn demeanor; however, there are many characteristics and events that distinguish each of them as strong central characters in their own rightRead MoreThe Marriage Between Elizabeth And Mrs. Darcy1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe eventual marriage between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice comes as a result of their profound personal rediscoveries. Initially, a slew of misunderstandings between the two characters, stemming from their first encounter at a ball in Meryton, had plagued the relationship, nearly rendering it irreconcilable. They both left that first ball with wildly different interpretations of each other’s intentions; Darcy’s refusal to dance with Elizabeth instilled her with a budding resentmentRead MoreInterpretation Of Everything That Rises, Must Converge986 Words   |  4 Pagesstatements and ideas. He disdains her bigotry and prejudices. O’Connor portrays racial prejudices and the unwelcome assimilation of integration in the South through irony, theme, and symbolism. O Connor uses various kinds of irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge to scorn racial prejudices at the same time as representing Julian s attitudes of superiority and his mother s undesirable intentions. Julian is of the younger generation and prides himself with being more accepting of African AmericansRead MoreMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Romance Versus Security. It is universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. These are the words of Jane Austen, and like many people of her time, she believed very much in the importance of finding a wealthy husband for young women. Jane Austens novel reflects the importance of marriage to many people around 1775. Although events such as theRead MoreAlice s Adventures : A Satire1132 Words   |  5 Pagesyou might just as well say that ‘I see what I eat’ is the same thing as ‘I eat what I see’!’†(Carroll 45). The creatures preciousness and their illogical understandings mock the precision of the Victorian era. In Victorian times, having manners and etiquette were as important as being educated and chivalry and gentility were prized and honored. Women of the era were to be angels of the home, and to be quiet, discreet, and domestic. Obviously, this does not apply to Alice. Alice is brave, adventurousRead MoreAnalysis of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice and Forsters A Room With A View1652 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’ utilises setting to reveal Darcy’s true character and allows Elizabeth to gain a true understanding of his nature. Pemberley estate is placed at the centre of the novel both literally and figuratively. In terms of Pemberley’s literal meaning, it informs the reader that the estate belongs to Darcy, while figuratively it reflects the charm of his character. Elizabeth Bennet’s visit to Pemeberly illuminates’ Darcy’s moral fibre, she is enchanted by its beauty andRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Function Of Dance2224 Words   |  9 PagesThe Function Of Dance in Pride And Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice, set in the Regency Period, dance performs several important functions.   Dance patterns emulate courtship rituals, marking dance as a microcosm for courtship and marriage - two main themes of the novel.   The Regency period propagated the belief that no ingredient was more essential to a courtship than dancing:   To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love... (Austen 7).   Therefore

Engaging In Sustainable Social Responsibility of New Belgium Brewing

Question: 1.What environmental issues does the New Belgium Brewing Company work to address? How has NBB taken a strategic approach to addressing these issues? Why do you think the company has taken such a strong stance toward sustainability? 2.Do you agree that the New Belgiums focus on social responsibility provides a key competitive advantage for the company? Why or why not? 3.Some segments of society contend that companies that sell alcoholic beverages and tobacco products cannot be socially responsible organization because of their nature of primary products. Do you believe that New Belgiums actions and initiatives are indicative of a socially responsible corporation? Why or why not? Answer: Introduction Sustainable social responsibility has become one of the vital issues for all the organizations working all over the world. It is a big challenge for companies to fulfil the parameters of sustainability in their organization. New Belgium Brewery is a company at Belgium that met the standards of sustainable social responsibility. This company sets as an example for other companies too. We cannot judge the status of the company whether it is good or bad. The greatness of the company can be depending on many elements. It can be either the higher amount of dividends to its shareholders or it can be a huge amount of monthly income earned by a company. Hence, there are many ways by which one can judge a company. There is a company that not only achieves such standards but also exceeds the benchmarks set for it. In this study, we learn how New Belgium Brewery achieved such sustainable development. We will also discuss about the all the strategies and approaches related to environment. The company has a strong focus on the environmental issues related to Belgium. The learners will understand the importance of sustainability in every organization. The company has also taken many measures and initiatives for an ethical and social conduct of environment. NBB had faced many environmental issues but due to its strategic approaches, the company is able to survive and set a remarkable position n the markets of Belgium. 1. The Environmental Issues Faced by New Belgium Brewery There are basically three issues faced by new Belgium Brewery which are- Cost-efficient energy-saving alternatives to conduct the business operations, Decreasing the impact of its operation on environment, Developing reuse, recycle and green building techniques. Steps Taken by NBB to Address these issues To achieve all the above desires, the company initiated a cost-efficient and energy saving technology to perform the operations so that the impact of the same on the environment can be reduced (Tongo, 2011). According to the core values and beliefs of the company, the owners of NBB unanimously allowed investing the money in a wind turbine. It was the first company in USA that was fully-wind powered. Afterwards, they started using coal power that helped new Belgium to decrease the CO2 emissions by 1800 metric tons per year. Then, NBB invested its money in a steam condenser to reduce its energy use. The steam condenser collects and reuses the hot water that helps to boil the barely and hops in the process of production and start the next brew. The steam is then used to heaten up the floors, tiles, etc. and to de-iced the docks in winters. They also save the energy by using the sun tubes. Sun tubes helps to transmit natural daytime lighting to all over premise of NBB throughout the year. New Belgium also involved them in reducing the wastes by recycling of the same and also through reuse strategies. The company stated recycling many waste like boxes, caps, office scarp, glass, bottles, etc. Brewery also collects (Aras and Crowther, 2010) the waste from barley and hop and asked the farmers to collect the grains to fed their pigs that too free of charge. They encouraged the employees to use alternative transport to reduce the pollution. For this, they provide cruiser bikes for its employees and asked them ride it while coming for work. The Company has taken such a Strong Stance Toward Sustainability Because It has a long term interest in green building techniques. The expansion of this company facilitates the incorporation of new technology in the organization and learned new chapters of sustainability. In the year of 2002, the company participated in the environment design for existing buildings (LEED-EB) and the United States green building councils leadership in energy. With the expansion of time and brewery, they continue to capture the new technologies to close loops and conserve energy and resources (Leszczynska, 2011). They initialize the program of reuse, recycle, and reduce- the three Rs of environment safeguard in their organization. Such as- The program of reuse comprises of heat emits while brewing process, cleaning of chemicals, water etc. waste products into some useful like spent grain to fed the cattle. The program of recycling includes converting to keg caps into surfaces of tables, paper to office furniture, etc. they also purchased recycled products (Barter and Bebbington, 2012). Reduction of energy includes, the motion sensors of lights in entire premise, induction fans that helps to chill the beer, etc helps the company to offset the need of energy to being environmentally efficient and effective. The director of new Belgium brewery said, To operate a profitable Brewery which makes our love and talent manifest. By this line, we can identify the core (Keys, 2009) values and beliefs of NBB. The role of the company is an environment concerned and socially responsible brewer that comprises of- Brewery is producing a world-class beers in Belgium They are also promoting the culture of beer and the enjoyment one has while drinking beer The company has adopted a constant change in the quality and efficiency in improvements Meeting the expectations of the clients and customers Environment stewardship: By minimizing the consumption of resources and maximizing the efficiency to use energy. Managing social, cultural and environmental changes Act as business model for other organizations. Analyzing the potential by learning new things, management and by adopting new opportunities The company also tries to balance the needs of staff, employees and families. NBB also commit authentic relations with the employees The flow of communication internally and externally is also effective The employees enjoy while working (Capaldi, 2016) 2. I agree with the new statement that new Belgium brewery focus on the social responsibility that is a key competitive advantage fir the company. NBB is performing a lot of activities that proved that it is focusing on social responsibility. We can quote some examples like- Reuse the waste products, Recycle the products, reduce the use of natural resources, adopting the technology that helps to conserve the natural resources, etc. NBB continuously trying to improve the lives of community by providing corporate giving, sponsorships of events and occasions, mankind involvement and every year donates 1 percent of its profits to the needy people (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2016). The company also maintains a bulletin board in which they post an array of involvement activities of company to community and its proposals. In this way, new Belgium brewery brand has achieved a remarkable position. It has become famous for two things i.e., the commitment of sustainabity and high quality of products. The competitive advantage of company is its social responsibility and sustainability. It helps Brewery to achieve the trust of the customers as they want to use products of a company whose products are good and give maximum utilization. They want to believe in the products and felt good about NBB products. The most important asset of NBB is its brand image which is a corporate brand that remember because of its quality, responsibility, care for society and concern for natural resources. For these all above written reasons, we can believe that New Belgium brewery has more competitive advantage than any other companies in Belgium. The company has (Roosa, 2010) achieved many applauds for the sustainability activities done by them. It is said by the director of the Institute for Brewing studies at the Brewers Association in Boulder, Colorado, They have created a very positive image for their company in the brew- consuming public with smart decision making. Brewery is producing world-class beers in Belgium. They are also promoting the culture of beer and the enjoyment one has while drinking beer. The company has adopted a constant change in the quality and efficiency in improvements. They are Meeting the expectations of the clients and customers. They are also promoting Environment stewardship: By minimizing the consumption of resources and maximizing the efficiency to use energy. The company also trying to manage social, cultural and environmental changes that can impact the sustainability and NBB also acts as business model for other organizations. They try to analyze the potential by learning new things, management and by adopting new opportunities. The company also tries to balance the needs of staff, employees and families. NBB also commit authentic relations with the employees. The flow of communication internally and externally is also effective. The employees enjoy while working (Capaldi, 2016). 3.We believe that New Belgium Brewery is one of the responsible and ethical organizations. This company is very careful for the advertising and marketing strategy used by them. It is very good that the company advertises and promotes their products through sports that are human powered and results in minimum harm to the society. But still, there is a need to analyze the demographics of the fans of such sports. Many sports are very famous among children but it is the responsibility of the (Morse, 2008) company to make sure to pick such sports that are having fans of above 18 of age or of legal age to drink. They should choose a target market which always considered as a responsible drinker or do not have a myth in their minds that drinking make people cool. It is a good thought by NBB to return back to the society which is a very responsible thing to do. This though can be flourished through team up with some organizations like Mother against drunk driven that works for welfare of the society. It helps the company to achieve their desires to become responsible and socially active (Jaffeer, 2011). Yes, we do believe that New Belgiums actions and initiatives are indicative (Elder-Woodward, 2014) of a socially responsible corporation. They dreamt of a sustainable business that has paid off by loyalty. For this, the company has raised the number of tours to facilitate the demand of the customers (Sze kely, Moore and Komdeur, 2010). The company has achieved many awards that includes the Business Ethics Magazines Business Ethics Awards because of its dedication to environmental excellence in every part of its innovative brewing process, the involvement in the Wall Street Journals 15 best small places. I also awarded for Best Mid-sized Brewing Company of the Year and Best Mid-sized Brewmaster at the Great American Beer Festival. The company has been awarded medals for 3 special categories of brews: Abbey Belgian Style Ale Blue Paddle Pilsner La Folie specialty ale The company has (Roosa, 2010) achieved many applauds for the sustainability activities done by them. It is said by the director of the Institute for Brewing studies at the Brewers Association in Boulder, Colorado, They have created a very positive image for their company in the brew- consuming public with smart decisiosn making. But still there are some people who believe that an alcohol company can never be socially responsible. The company mentioned that alcohol is only for those who can take it with responsibility. They also said that they can do anything to help the society. There is a responsible participation of beer to support the culinary art. Beer helps to promote new Belgium beer dinners where beer is served with every course of meal (Behrendt, 2012). They constantly tried to create a socially responsible band image by examining its social, ethical and environmental responsibilities. In the year of 2004, the company was awarded as the environmental protection agencys regional environmental achievement award. This is the most reputed award won by the new Belgium Brewing company as it only give to those companies who deserves. Through such awards, we can say that company has proved as a socially responsible organization. These awards acted as motivators and honor for NBB. These all awards and recognitions are enough to prove that the New Belgium Brewing Company is one of the most socially responsible corporations as compared to other companies who are in manufacturing of alcohol and brewing beverages (Tilt, 2016). Conclusion At last we can conclude that, the NBB is one of the reputed companies being a brewer company of Belgium. This is the uniqueness of the company that lies within. The every pack of beer displays that, In this box is our labor of love, we feel incredibly lucky to be creating something fine that enhances people's lives." The company believes that this line helps the company to maintain their brand image. The companys concern for environmental and sustainable development gives it a competitive advantage because the customers want to get the best product out of all. They also want to feel good for the products and goods used by hem. The precious thing for NBB is its brand image. The company has still many ways to achieve and improve corporate citizen. They are not in a production of organic beers. The process of manufacturing is still far away from zero emissions and waste. The company always faces a dialogue with public about avoiding alcohol use. They have a long list of works. With the increase in the sale, company faces more challenges to maintain on a human scale and cultural authentic brand. It is the biggest challenge for NBB. Reference List Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2010). NGOs and social responsibility. Bingley: Emerald. Barter, N. and Bebbington, J. (2012). Environmental paradigms and organisations with an environmental mission. IJISD, 6(2), p.120 Behrendt, R. (2012). The Evolved Structure of Human Social Behaviour and Personality. London: Karnac Books. Capaldi, N. (2016). New (Other?) Directions in Corporate Social Responsibility. Int J Corporate Soc Responsibility, 1(1). Corporate Social Responsibility. (2016). IJSR, 5(1), pp.1829-1831. Elder-Woodward, J. (2014). Living Well vs Neoliberal Social Welfare. Ethics and Social Welfare, 8(3), pp.306-313. Jaffeer, R. (2011). Environmental Performance and Sustainable Development. JSD, 4(6). Keys, T., (2009), Making the most of corporate social responsibility, [Online], Accessed on: 20 September 2016, Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/leadership/making-the-most-of-corporate-social-responsibility Leszczynska, A. (2011). Cultural conditions of sustainable development of organisations. IJSE, 3(3), p.341. Morse, S. (2008). Post-sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 16(5), pp.341-352. Roosa, S. (2010). Sustainable development handbook. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press. Sze kely, T., Moore, A. and Komdeur, J. (2010). Social behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tilt, C. (2016). Corporate social responsibility research: the importance of context. Int J Corporate Soc Responsibility, 1(1). Tongo, C. (2011). A conceptual model of cultural change for African indigenous organisations. WREMSD, 7(3), p.330.

Jungle Essays (300 words) - Jurgis, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair

Jungle As I opened the cover of The Jungle, I anticipated reading a tragic story about the cruelness inflicted upon a poor, working-class family. I had read an excerpt from the novel and had conversed with people who had read it; I thought the story was going to be solid, and perhaps even entertaining. I was incredibly wrong. The beginning of the story started out slow, as it was just another "American Dream" type story. Jurgis and family came to the States seeking a better life and freedom from their homeland's injustices. The story had potential, but the redundancy of the descriptions wore old. I only need to hear once or maybe even twice how cold the winters were, or how evil the packing bosses were. The only parts that I thought had any value were the descriptions of the working facilities and what foulness and corruption were found within. Such descriptions were there solely for the shock or disgust of the reader. The end of the story was extremely confusing. I can understand why Jurgis left his family after the death of his young wife, and then the death of his only son. After his time in the country and working for the political machines of Chicago, he became interested in the idea of socialism. With the introduction of a socialist Jurgis, I wanted to put down the book. Where had the whole socialist movement came from? I felt it made absolutely no sense to be in this story. The story, at that point, needed to concentrate more on the reunited family of Jurgis rather than the radical ideas circulating throughout Chicago. Upton Sinclair painted an accurate historical picture with The Jungle, but he wrote it without a sensible plot, with redundant and ambiguous details, and with no appeal as a readable story. I recommend leaving this book on the shelf for someone else to stumble through; I was not impressed.

What to Do if You Missed the SAT

What to Do if You Missed the SAT So, you are one of those people who registered for the Redesigned  SAT and, for whatever reason didnt take it. Maybe you had the flu on test day (which would be decidedly awful) or perhaps you pulled an all-nighter on Friday and didnt feel up to par when you woke up on Saturday morning. Maybe, you thought better about taking the SAT when you hadnt prepared for it and instead of taking the test, you opted to sign for an SAT prep class instead. No matter the reason, you decided not to take the SAT on the day you had initially chosen. The question is, what in the world do you do now? There is an answer to your question, and it is not going to cost you your SAT score, your college admissions, or a ton of money, either. What Will Happen After Missing the SAT   If you have registered for an SAT test but decided not to show up to take the exam, two things are going to happen to you moving forward: You will get a credit. The registration fee you paid for the SAT test will sit in your College Board account just waiting to be used again. Thats good news, right? You thought you or your parents would be out of luck when it came to the cash, but thats not how it works. Sure, you will not get a refund (life isnt always that easy), but the money is not completely lost unless you choose to never take the SAT because you think you dont need it or because the ACT suits you better.  Your registration for that date will go away. Go ahead and breathe a quick sigh of relief. You will not get a zero on the test for not showing up to take it. Dont sweat it. Bonus? Colleges and universities will never know that you registered to take the SAT and did not make it to the testing center. Moving Forward Now what? Should you go ahead and register to take the exam another time? Are you able to do so? Is there a compelling reason to take the SAT at all? Actually, there are four good reasons to take the SAT, so wed strongly recommend it unless youre going to take the ACT.   The good news is that you can take it again. The College Board wont hold it against you that you did not show up the first time. If you decide to register again, you can transfer your SAT registration to another test date coming up by paying a transfer fee. It isnt free, but its better than having to pay for the whole SAT again. This time, however, be sure to pay attention to your preparation. Preparing for the SAT There are dozens of test prep companies out there hoping that you will choose them when it comes time to get ready for the SAT exam. This time, you are going to make sure you do that, right? Right. Before you do, take a peek at the following informational articles to help set you on the right path.

Create a Website Link From a MySQL Database With PHP

Create a Website Link From a MySQL Database With PHP Often people new to working with databases  are able to fetch the information they need and echo it onto a page, but then they struggle with figuring out how to link the results for use on a website. This is a simple process in which you echo the appropriate HTML and call the URL in the middle of it.  You can use PHP to connect to and manipulate databases. The most popular database system used with PHP is MySQL. Together, PHP and MySQL are cross-platform. Create a Link From a MySQL Database With PHP In this example, you fetch an array and assign it to $info, and one of the fields holds email addresses. while($info mysql_fetch_array( $data )) { Print $info[name] . ; Print Note that this code called .$info[email] twice- once to display the email and once to be used in the link. The actual href linking code is placed around the information using print or echo and separated with dots. Here is another example using a web address and website name. while($info mysql_fetch_array( $data )) { Print .$info[sitetitle] . ; } Again you first print the. The URL generated with this code can be used on your website to provide a link to the information contained in the MySQL database.

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries Essay

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries - Essay Example ay a critical role in global economic and political relations and include companies in oil, gas and mining industries such as Exxon Mobil, Anglo American and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The economic power of extractive industries is evidenced by the US $ 211 trillion in profits that was recorded by 20 extractive industries in 2005 compared with United States GDP of US $ 11 trillion in 2005. Efforts to regulate the extractive industry were initiated by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), now the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 1998 in order to address the problem associated with differing accounting practices used by the companies in the sector (Cortese, Irvine and Kaidonis, 2010). The previous accounting standards such as IAS 16 on property, plant, and equipment and IAS 38 on intangible assets did not address the thorny issue of accounting for extractive operations in oil, gas and mining operations. In this case, IFRS 6, exploration for and evaluation of Mineral Resources was released in 2004, but experts in the field claims that the standard codified the existing industry practice and provided the companies with flexibility to continue reporting in their preferred mode (Nobes & Parker 2008). The impact of the reported profits can be substantial and thus IASC sought to address the discrepancies at the international level. Proponents of full cost method stressed the need to retain the two methods and an Ad Hoc Committee on full costing consisting of various industry bodies and players was constituted (Nobes & Parker 2008). Companies in extractive industries have global operations and diversity in their accounting and reporting has evolved in leading mining regions such as South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States (US). Wiecek & Young (2010) explains that the economic importance of extractive industries led IASC to recognise the need for an international accounting standard that would provide

Is it possible to overcome Euthyphro's Dilemma Explain Research Paper

Is it possible to overcome Euthyphro's Dilemma Explain - Research Paper Example From then onwards, the segregation of right and wrong started in this world. Socrates has once asked a difficult question to Euthyphro about morality or ethics. â€Å"Almost all the objections to theistic ethics can be thought to derive from the famous Euthyphro dilemma†(Bagget and Walls, p.4). In a conversation between Euthyphro and Socrates Euthyphro asserts that â€Å"holiness is what all the gods love, and unholiness is what they hate (Joyce, p.50). Socrates asked him a confusing question; "Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods?"  (Bagget and Walls, p.32). In other words, Euthyphro faced the dilemma of whether to define morality in terms of will of God, or it should be perceived as the actions of God. Plenty of theologian and philosophers struggled to explain or answer Euthyphro’s dilemma. This paper analyses the above question in a philosophical manner and explores the possibilities of over coming this dilemma. Before answering the question of morality, it is necessary to discuss something about God. No science or technology has yet succeeded in unveiling the mysteries surrounding life before birth and life after death. If the soul is the driving force behind human body, what happens to our soul after our death is often a confusing question. ... For example, a computer or robot cannot work properly without instructions from humans even though it may have superior abilities. In other words, computers or robots may never become superior to humans. Same way God is always superior to us because of his superior power and abilities which are beyond the grasping power of humans. Now come to the question; Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods?. The answer should be the first one. Even though God knows everything happening in this world, he is not interfering in all things happening on earth. Bible and Quran have references about the existences of evil forces in this world. Many people have the doubt that if God is a holy entity, then why he permitted the interactions of evil forces in this world which is created by God. The evil forces always try to increase their strength by forcing people to commit sins in order to question the authorities of God. On the othe r hand, God has no necessities to strengthen his kingdom with the help of external forces since no external forces can challenge his supremacy ever. The evil forces are making a desperate effort to challenge God’s supremacy. God sent the human to this world with a mission. He wanted only the right people in his eternal kingdom. Earth is a laboratory for God in which the reactants like humans and evil forces interact each other. These interactions will create certain products, which may be analyzed by the God later. Those who succeeded in defeating the efforts of evil forces may join God in his kingdom, whereas others will be destroyed in this world itself. In order to conduct his testing process successfully, God allows evil forces to make their own efforts to

The Third of May 1808 Essay Example for Free

The Third of May 1808 Essay The museum I chose to look at was the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain. I did not physically go to this museum because it was across the world. I went on a virtual online tour of the museums website. This museum was very interesting to me because it had a lot of old paintings from the 16th, 17th, 18th centuries. The paintings and sculptures in this museum were mostly of human beings and their culture life-styles. I have never been to that museum or any art museum before in my life, so it was also very interesting to see the different types of art there was at the Museo del Prado. If I physically went to the museum, I would have been blown out of my mind with all of the unique styles of art on display. The online pictures of the paintings do not look the same if you went to see it in person. The artwork I analyzed was created by Francisco De Goya in 1814. The Third of May 1808, was the name of his masterpiece and he painted it on an oil canvas. I chose this painting because it is a painting that explains an event that happened during a war between two countries. On my analysis of this painting, I discovered that this painting shows a variety of cultural representations of that time period. Museums have numerous items on display that represent many cultures and countries. Many art pieces have a story behind it that explains the past history of one’s culture. I would not risk my life to save the artwork that was created from my culture, unless the piece had a very valuable meaning to me personally. Our culture and society today is changing and there are millions of paintings being created. I also do not feel the need to risk my life for art. Goya created The Third of May 1808, because the painting shows the battle Spain had to go through to gain its freedom from Napoleon and his French Army (Totally History 1). Goya, being a Spanish man during this war, had witnessed and heard about the brutality of Napoleon decided to paint the harsh images of what was happening in his country. In the artwork, there are a handful of French soldiers poi nting their weapons at unarmed citizens. Three men are dead and bleeding on the ground. The people behind the dead  men seem to be very afraid and appear to be of a different ethnicity then the armed men, based on their clothing, hair, and skin. Goya also showed how these Spanish men stood up for their country. In The painting, there seems to be a woman hold a child behind a group of men being shot at. The man standing up with his hands above his head, showing signs of surrender, appears to be trying to protect the woman and the other people by saying taking him instead of them. Goya describes the basic human characteristics one would do in this kind of situation. People are crying and sobbing because people are dying, men are surrendering to the army men because they do not want to die. He also painted the men that are dead because he wanted to show what the men with weapons were doing to the helpless men on the hill. This piece makes me feel sad and hurt for the people that are being executed. These people are unarmed and cannot defend for themselves against the arm y men. These rebels were only trying to protect their country from being overthrown by a foreign power and had every right to protect it. Woman and children were even being killed during this horrific battle for Spanish freedom. Goya sends a very strong message to the world in this piece because it shows what the Spanish people went through to overcome Napoleon. They lost many lives and were treated inhumanly. When something, like art, is consider to be real, then that means it is the original piece of work created by the artist themselves. A copy of something, like art, means that the original piece was taken and re-created by another person besides the original creator. I would rather see the original piece of something because that piece itself shows what is really there or not. For example, when an art is copied, the two pieces will never be identical. I would not know if the copied piece was altered with and extra designed or material was added. In this painting I feel like Goya wanted to show the world that a person or political power should not treat another person inhumanly based on personal wants. I feel like he sent this message out because the people were all bunched together and traumatized by the French army soldiers pointing their guns at them. This painting shows the integrity and community core values of Saint Leo. The Spanish rebels showed their honesty and loyalty to their county and people around them. As a community they stood together, protected each other and fought for freedom in their country. When the men in the painting were about to be shot they stood up proudly for their country and  accepted what was about to happen. They did not back down to Napoleon or the soldiers and instead died for their country. I personally feel like I will not judge a person based on their ethnicity because of this painting. I think of the wars happening around the world and all the people being stereotyped in our country because of incidents happening. This makes me think deeper into my respect, personal development and integrity core values as well. This artwork was selected to be displayed in the Prado Museum because it symbolizes a big part of the freedom Spain established in its earlier years as a country. When people see this piece they will think of the people who sacrificed their lives for the people to live in Spain today. Goya used oil canvas to paint and this created a great source of the difference between light and dark. He used the light colors to grab the viewer’s eyes on faces of people in his painting, this is called a Rembrantian style of painting design that contrast light and shadow (Janaro and Altshuler 124). In The Third of May 1808, the army men seem to be using a light to better their view of their victims in the dark. Goya puts a spot light on the Spanish rebels to tell what this piece is mainly about. He uses white on the male surrendering his life’s shirt to symbolize his acceptance to Christ and he is ready to go to heaven. Goya wanted his pieces to be realistic and to show how he felt about his pieces(Janaro and Altshuler 125). His piece is of value to Spain because it resembles their cultural past events that took place in their country. The message he portrays in his artwork is very relevant in our generation. Our country has and is still overcoming liberation. Our country is attempting to help other countries overcome it as well and this painting symbolizes liberation. If the Spanish can stand up for their freedom then other countries and cultures can do the same. Somebody should have to feel trapped because somebody else wants to control them. Humans are meant to be free.

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 Essay -- Drama

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 I am going to direct act 2 scene 2 from the play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare. The scene is also known as the balcony scene. During this scene Romeo is looking up at Juliet on the balcony talking about love. The scene is going to be set in as historical environment the 16th century in Verona. Therefore the costumes shall also reflect this era. Juliet will be in her in nightdress (1) and Romeo will be in a party costume (2). This is because he has just been at the Caplet's party. From the previous scene we know that there is a conflict between the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo is a member of the Montague's and Juliet is a member of the capulet's. Romeo had been convinced to go to the party by his cousin Benvolio and his friend Mercutio. During the party Tybalt wants to hit Romeo but Lord Capulet doesn't let him. This shows the conflict. I will be using a thrust stage. The balcony will be placed on the left corner of the stage. There will be trees and colourful flowers surrounding the balcony. As this scene is set in the 16th century Juliet will be unaware of her rights as a women. The theme of the scene is love. Both Romeo and Juliet are expressing their feelings for each other. The relationship between Romeo and Juliet is very passionate, which will be conveyed though the use of language, their facial expression and body language. They will speak direct from Shakespheres text. In t...

Asi Questions Essay

The Interview Format – Does It Have to be an Interview? This is perhaps the most often asked question regarding the ASI. In the search for faster and easier methods of collecting data many clinicians and researchers have asked for a self-administered (either by computer or paper and pencil) version of the instrument. We have not sanctioned the use of a self-administered version for several reasons. First, we have tested the reliability and validity of the severity ratings by having raters use just the information that has been collected on the form – without the interview. This has resulted in very poor estimates of problem severity and essentially no concurrent reliability. Second, we have been sensitive to problems of illiteracy among segments of the substance abusing population. Even among the literate there are problems of attention, interest and comprehension that are especially relevant to this population. Finally, since the instrument is often used as part of the initial clinical evaluation, it has been our philosophy that it is important to have interpersonal contact for at least one part of that initial evaluation. We see this as simply being polite and supportive to a patient with problems. We have seen no convincing demonstration that the interview format produces worse (less reliable or valid) information than other methods of administration and we have found that particularly among some segments of the substance abusing population (eg. the psychiatrically ill, elderly, confused and physically sick) the interview format may be the only viable method for insuring understanding of the questions asked. Particularly in the clinical situation, the general demeanor or â€Å"feel† of a patient is poorly captured without person-to-person contact and this can be an important additional source of information for clinical staff. There are of course many useful, valid and reliable self-administered instruments appropriate for the substance abuse population. For example, we have routinely used selfadministered questionnaires and other instruments with very satisfactory results (eg. Beck Depression Inventory, MAST, SCL-90, etc.) but these are usually very focussed instruments that have achieved validity and consistency by asking numerous questions related to a single theme (eg. depression, alcohol abuse, etc.). The ASI is purposely broadly focussed for the purposes outlined above, and we have not been successful in creating a viable self-administered instrument that can efficiently collect the range of information sought by the ASI. Thus, it should be clear that at this writing there is no reliable or valid version of the ASI that is self-administered and there is currently no plan for developing this format for the instrument. We would of course be persuaded by comparative data from a reliable, valid and useful self-administered version of the ASI and this is an open invitation to interested parties. Role of the Interviewer – What are the qualifications needed for an ASI interviewer? Having indicated the importance of the interview process it follows that the most important part of the ASI is the interviewer who collects the information. The interviewer is not simply the recorder of a series of subjective statements. The interviewer is responsible for the integrity of the information collected and must be willing to repeat, paraphrase and probe until he/she is satisfied that the patient understands the question and that the answer reflects the best judgment of the patient, consistent with the intent of the question. It must be emphasized that the interviewer must understand the intent of each question. This is very important since despite the range of situations and unusual answers that we have described in the manual, a new exception or previously unheard of situation occurs virtually each week. Thus, ASI interviewers should not expect to find answers in the workbook to all of the unusual situations that they will encounter in using the ASI. Instead it will be critical for the interviewer to understand the intent of the question, to probe for the most complete information available from the patient and then to record the most appropriate answer, including a comment. There is a very basic set of personal qualities necessary for becoming a proficient interviewer. First, the prospective interviewer must be personable and supportive – capable of forming good rapport with a range of patients who may be difficult. It is no secret that many individuals have negative feelings about substance abusers and these feelings are revealed to the patients very quickly, thereby compromising any form of rapport. Second, the interviewer must be able to help the patient separate the problem areas and to examine them individually using the questions provided. Equally important qualities in the prospective interviewer are the basic intelligence to understand the intent of the questions in the interview and the commitment to collecting the information in a responsible manner. There are no clear-cut educational or background characteristics that have been reliably associated with the ability to perform a proficient ASI interview. We have trained a wide range of people to administer the ASI, including receptionists, college students, police/probation officers, physicians, professional interviewers and even a research psychologist!! There have been people from each of these groups who were simply unsuited to performing interviews and were excluded during training (perhaps 10% of all those trained) or on subsequent reliability checks. Reasons for exclusion were usually because they simply couldn’t form reasonable rapport with the patients, they were not sensitive to lack of understanding or distrust in the patient, they were not able to effectively probe initially confused answers with supplemental clarifying questions or they simply didn’t agree with the approach of the ASI (examining problems individually rather than as a function of substance abuse). With regard to assisting the interviewer in checking for understanding and consistency during the interview, there are many reliability checks buil t into the ASI. They are discussed in some detail in the workbook and they have been used effectively to insure the quality and consistency of the collected data. Severity Ratings – How important and useful are they? It is noteworthy that the severity ratings were historically the last items to be included on the ASI. They were considered to be interesting but non-essential items that were a summary convenience for people who wished a quick general profile of a patient’s problem status. They were only provided for clinical convenience and never intended for research use. It was surprising and interesting for us to find that when interviewers were trained comparably and appropriately, these severity estimates were reliable and valid across a range of patient types and interviewer types. Further, they remain a useful clinical summary that we continue to use regularly – but only for initial treatment planning and referral. A Note on â€Å"Severity† – It should be noted that much of the reason for the reliability and validity of these severity ratings is the structured interview format and the strict (some would say arbitrary) definition of severity that we have adopted: ie.†need for additional treatment.† Many users of the ASI have selected the instrument exclusively for research purposes and these ratings have never been used for this purpose – especially as outcome measures. Other users do not agree with our definition of severity. Still others do not have the time or inclination to check and recheck severity estimates among their various interviewers. For all of these potential users the severity ratings would not be useful or worth the investment of man-hours required to train reliability. Even for those with primary clinical uses, these ratings are not essential and are perhaps the most vulnerable of all the ASI items to the influences of poor interviewing skills, patient misrepresentation or lack of comprehension and even the surroundings under which the interview is conducted. Therefore, it is entirely acceptable to train ASI interviewers and to use the ASI without referral to the severity ratings. Composite Scores – What are they for, why were they constructed this way and what are the norms? Users familiar with earlier editions of the ASI know there is a separate manual designed to describe their use and to show how to calculate them (See Composite Scores from the Addiction Severity Index – McGahan et al. 1986). The composite scores have been developed from combinations of items in each problem area that are capable of showing change (ie. based on the prior thirty day period, not lifetime) and that offer the most internally consistent estimate of problem status. The complicated formulas used in the calculation of these composites are necessary to insure equal weighting of all items in the composite. These composites have been very useful to researchers as mathematically sound measures of change in problem status but have had almost no value to clinicians as indications of current status in a problem area. This is due to the failure on our part to develop and publish normative values for representative groups of substance abuse patients (eg. methadone maintained males, cocaine dependent females in drug free treatment, etc.). At the risk of being defensive, our primary interest was measuring change among our local patients and not comparing the current problem status of various patient groups across the country. Further, we simply did not foresee the range of interest that has been shown in the instrument. A Note on â€Å"Norms† for the Composite Scores – At this writing, we are collecting ASI data from a variety of patient sampl es across the country. These samples will be used to convert the composite raw scores into T-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 (as MMPI and SCL-90 scores are presented). Our intention is to publish these â€Å"normative data† and to circulate copies of the tables to all individuals who have sent to us for ASI packets. We will also provide programs written in Basic, Lotus 123 ® or Excel ®to calculate these composite scores and to convert existing composite scores into Tscores. In this way we hope to make up for the lack of standardization that has been a problem with the composite scores to this time. Appropriate Populations – Can I use the ASI with samples of Substance Abusing Prisoners or Psychiatrically Ill Substance Abusers? Because the ASI has been shown to be reliable and valid among substance abusers applying for treatment, many workers in related fields have used the ASI with substance abusing samples from their populations. For example, the ASI has been used at the time of incarceration and/or parole/probation to evaluate substance abuse and other problems in criminal populations. In addition, because of the widespread substance abuse among mentally ill and homeless populations, the ASI has also been used among these groups. While we have collaborated with many workers on the use of the instrument with these populations; it should be clear that there are no reliability or validity studies of the instrument in these populations. This of course does not mean that the ASI is necessarily invalid with these groups, only that its test parameters have not been established. In fact, workers from these fields have turned to the ASI because they felt that no other suitable instrument was available. In cases where this is true, it is likely that the ASI would be a better choice than creating a totally new instrument. However, it is important to note circumstances that are likely to reduce the value of data from the ASI among these groups. For example, when used with a treatment seeking sample and an independent, trained interviewer, there is less reason for a potential substance abuser to misrepresent (even under these circumstances it still happens). In circumstances where individuals are being â€Å"evaluated for probation/parole or jail† there is obviously much more likelihood of misrepresentation. Similarly, when the ASI is used with psychiatrically ill substance abusers who are not necessarily seeking (and possibly avoiding) treatment, there is often reason to suspect denial, confusion and misrepresentation. Again, there is currently no suitabl e alternative instrument or procedure available that will insure valid, accurate responses under these conditions. The consistency checks built into the ASI may even be of some benefit in these circumstances. However, it is important to realize the limits of the instrument. Regardless, systematic tests of the reliability and validity of the ASI in populations of substance abusers within the criminal justice system and within the mental health system are necessary but have not been done and this is an open invitation to interested parties. A Special Note on Adolescent Populations – Despite the fact that we have repeatedly published warnings for potential users of the ASI regarding the lack of reliability, validity and utility of the instrument with adolescent populations there remain instances where the ASI has been used in this inappropriate manner. Again, the ASI is not appropriate for adolescents due to its underlying assumptions regarding self-sufficiency and because it simply does not address issues (eg. school, peer relations, family problems from the perspective of the adolescent, etc.) that are critical to an evaluation of adolescent problems. At this writing, there are two versions of the ASI that have been developed for adolescent populations and have shown at least initial evidence of reliability and validity in this population. A third instrument is not in the same format as the ASI but has shown excellent reliability and validity. Interested readers may contact these individuals directly for more information about these instruments. Kathy Meyers, Research Department, Carrier Foundation, Belle Meade, New Jersey â€Å"Carrier – Addiction Severity Index† or Yifrah Kaminer, Adolescent Chemical Dependency Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. â€Å"Teen – Addiction Severity Index† or Al Friedman, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia Psychiatric Center, Phila., Pa. â€Å"Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Diagnostic Assessment† ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE ASI Can I ask additional questions and/or delete some of the curr ent items? As indicated above, the ASI was designed to capture the minimum information necessary to evaluate the nature and severity of patients’ treatment problems at treatment admission and at follow-up. For this reason, we have always encouraged the addition of particular questions and/or additional instruments in the course of evaluating patients. In our own work we have routinely used the MAST, an AIDS questionnaire, additional family background questions and some self-administered psychological tests. We do not endorse the elimination or substitution of items currently on the ASI. Again, the ASI items (regardless of whether they are good or bad for particular individual needs) have been tested for reliability and validity as individual items and as part of the composite and/or severity scores. The elimination or substitution of existing items could significantly reduce the reliability and comparability of these ASI scores. It is possible to eliminate whole sections (problem areas) of the ASI if particular problems are not applicable for specific populations or the focus of specific treatment interventions. In the current version of the ASI and in this workbook, we have included a set of additional items and instruments that have been developed by us and others over the past ten years, to add information in areas that are now inadequately covered by the existing ASI questions. The items themselves are presented on the latest version of the form (See Appendix 1) and the specific instructions for asking these questions and for interpreting the answers are discussed in each of the problem areas in the Specific Instructions part of the workbook. It should be clear that we have not used these items in the calculation of the composite scores or in the determination of severity estimates. Obviously, the use of additional information for these purposes would alter the reliability and validity of the ASI and reduce the comparability of the resulting scores across sites and time points. Thus it is important to stress that the use of earlier ASI versions will still provide comparable data on the composite scores and on the majority of items, since they have not been changed or eliminated, only supplemented in the current version. In addition to these items, there has also been significant work over the past ten years in the development of general and specialized information collection interviews and questionnaires for substance abusers. Some of these instruments bear special note in that they can be used instead of or in addition to the ASI to provide enhanced or specialized information. Some of the more widely used and better validated instruments are presented below but the interested reader is advised to consult the tests and measurements literature for additional information.

Change and Continutie

Between 500 CE and 1500CE changes and continuities in interregional commerce in the Eurasian World occurred. The Silk Road connected South Asia, Western Asia, and South Asia with Europe. The â€Å"road† was used for trading good such as silk, porcelain, and other luxuries. Not only was it used for trading material goods, but it was also used for trading religions, skills, and knowledge. It also passed along diseases. Some changes that occurred were that classical empires collapsing and new empires began to rise, and trade in the Indian Ocean became more regulated in 1500CE than before in 1400CE.A continuity that occurred was the Indian Ocean trade remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE. Due to the collapse of the classical empires in 500CE and the rise of the Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang Empires in 700CE, trade declined then grew. When the classical empires collapsed, trade declined because due to the lack of government following the decline of the classical empires, p rotection could not be granted for trade and trade routes could not be repaired. Due to these reasons, trade and travel became dangerous.When the Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang empires began to rise, trade grew again because Tang rulers set up military garrisons to protect the trade done through the Silk Road, the Byzantine empire’s central location on the Mediterranean Sea allowed trade to flourish, especially in the capital of Constantinople, and in the Abbasid empire Muslim merchants spread improved irrigation in the region, which led to increases in food production and population. Because of the three empires rising, trade was able to be successful again after the fall of the classical empires.During the years of 700CE through 1400CE a continuity of unregulated Indian Ocean trade continued in Eurasian trade. The Indian Ocean represented the world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange. The alternating wind currents that blew predictably eastward dur ing the summer months and westward during the winter months (monsoons) was what made the Indian Ocean commerce possible. Because the Indian trade route was so successful and many people depending on it, it continued to remain unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE.Another reason for it continuing to remain unregulated was because cities located strategically grew and it was a safe environment for markets, it welcomed all merchants, and charged reasonable fees. Although it remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE, that all changed by 1500CE. From the unregulated Indian Ocean trade in the 1400’s, trade became more controlled by the Chinese and the Europeans by the 1500’s. To gain control over the Indian Ocean trade Europeans captured the port cities, wrecked them, stole from them, and burned them to the ground, killing the residents of the cities.Because people from other countries traded as well and they brought their culture, religions, and other values and belief s that fascinated the people who lived along the Indian Ocean regions, a lot of people were affected. The Indian Ocean became controlled by the Chinese and the Europeans. In the same way as the Silk Road was used for trade and commerce and was successful the Indian Ocean was also used for trade and commerce. However, the silk route is widely interconnected trade route across Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.In Indian Ocean routes majorly connecting Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. In conclusion, during the time period of 500CE through 1500CE Some changes that occurred were that classical empires collapsing and new empires began to rise, and trade in the Indian Ocean became more regulated in 1500CE than before in 1400CE. A continuity that occurred was the Indian Ocean trade remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE. Both the silk road and the Ind ian ocean were used for commerce and trade.

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Coldness. This was the first thing that struck, standing here, especially with the arrival of winter and its chilly snow that characterized this place, as well as the breezy northern wind. It was easy to be overwhelmed by the sights, sounds, and smells that accompanied the coldness. The surrounding was entirely transformed. Droplets of snow gracefully descended down to the ground, stacking up until it was a dozen feet high. Where there was once pale dead grass, there is now, endless rolling hills of crystal. The trees looked like delicate, thin dancers, twisting and arching up through the white soft layer of snow. Bushes became lumps of sugar and power-line between the pole turned heavy, sagging down as they were ladened with the weight of the flakes. Eventually they seemed to have vanished and that snow itself was suspended midair. In the far west, emerging through the misty cloud was the twilight, illuminating parts of skyline. Time progressed. As more snow collected, a certain hush established over the world. the snow seemed to mute the usual sounds go hand in hand with the bustle of daily live. The usual chaoticness was replaced with an eerie silence. Every once in a while, people would rush from place to place, causing the quiet crunching and squeaky snow to buckles under the pressure of their weight. The marks of their trail soon were replenish by the snow. Later in the day, the branches and limbs-with the heavy loads- creaked and groaned as they settled to a rest. However, the smell of snow was difficult to explain. There was a distinct scent to frozen crystals, an almost crisp odour. In addition to that, it stifled with the smell of pines and miasma of rotten leaves. Soon the atrocious smell would be blown away by the aroma of hot chocolate and cakes. Animals such as rabbits and squirrels living in their comfortable, warm caves came out when the aroma permeated deep into the forest, unable to resist. And when the dusk turned

Annotated Bibliography Writing

Annotated Bibliography Writing Annotated Bibliography Writing Annotated bibliography writing may look like a foreign language, but it is a great way to begin your work for any writing project, particularly projects over five pages in length. The annotated bibliography is a great way to gather information for large writing projects or simply to learn how to evaluate sources for use in papers. You will create an annotated bibliography from sources you gather from online, your school’s library, or even other course materials from your class. The annotated bibliography is designed to assist you in practicing formatting based on your school’s required formatting styles – such as APA and MLA; however, many schools will not strictly adhere to the styles as found online. Your best resources for developing the correct formatting for your annotated bibliography is to use the resources provided by your school to determine how the style has been assigned for use by your school – such as listing your sources as references, works cited, or the bibliography. Most schools will make at least minor changes to the style requirements, or be more lenient on some aspects while being very strict on others. In addition, when developing your annotated bibliography it is ok to summarize the works using the summary section of the source; however, the summary should not be a direct quote, and should include the key information in the source that will be most applicable to your particular project. This is to assist in assigning value to the source you have chosen. Finally, while writing the annotated bibliography consider how this source will play a role in meeting the needs of the paper later – such as where the source applies for the layout of the paper and how the source will fit with the topic sentence. You can also contact our professional annotated bibliography writing service which provides high-quality custom papers with annotated bibliography at an affordable cost.

Knowledge Management ACADEMIC REPORT Coursework

Knowledge Management ACADEMIC REPORT - Coursework Example The following report is a critical analysis of the A&E knowledge management (KM) strategies. The report also reveals how different organizational factors in the department affect the hospitals strategies of managing knowledge. St Mary Hospital aims to provide specialized patient-centered care to all its clients. The hospital personnel strives to optimize the experience of the patient by facilitating the provision of innovative health care. The staffs of the hospital takes part in training and research and use the evidence they gather to offer quality care. Every other day, experts in the medical field, discover new methods of managing patients. Researchers need to disseminate the knowledge to the people on the ground to increase its usefulness. In St Mary Hospital, the management of the hospital provides enough resources for training and updating the A&E nurses. However, there are no changes in patient outcomes, and mortality rates are still high. One of the objectives of the organization is to improve clinical outcomes of patients. Hence, a critical appraisal of the organizational factors breaking the chain of KM is necessary for the survival of the hospital. In today’s world, ineffective use of knowledge in an organization could be detrimental to its performance. Knowledge is crucial to the survival and success of every hospital, firm, company, and project (Hislop, 2013). There are new health care providers, enterprises, hospitals, entrepreneurs and service providers flooding the market every minute of every day. Therefore, every firm desires to gain competitive advantage over the others to secure and a place in the global market. The purpose of managing knowledge in the company is to maximize its learning related effectiveness (Greiner, et al., 2007). Likewise, in medical centres, knowledge is of utmost importance. Today’s disease patterns are unique and becoming

Problems in the health care delivery system Essay

Problems in the health care delivery system - Essay Example This paper analyses the problems in healthcare delivery systems for mentally ill patients. â€Å"More than 20 million people in the United States live in areas that have a shortage of physicians to meet their basic health care needs. This lack of access to quality health care for many people, particularly those living in rural and urban underserved communities, is a serious health care problem† (AMSA Foundation) Population increase and lack of health care staff are some of the major reasons for the health care problems in America. Medical expenses are increasing everyday and the government policies in health care insurances are not adequate to meet the demands of the patients. Mental health care is one of the critical sectors in healthcare industry and it is perhaps one of the worst affected one as far as problems and exploitations are concerned. â€Å"One-quarter of all Americans met the criteria for having a mental illness within the past year, and fully a quarter of those had a "serious" disorder that significantly disrupted their ability to function day to day , according to the largest and most detailed survey of the nations mental health, published yesterday† (Weiss) Talk therapy is one of the modern and effective treatments for the mentally disordered patients. It does not require any medicine and the therapists use different techniques to know the problems of the patient and to suggest solutions for that. Cognitive therapy (which helps to remove harmful ways of thinking), behavioural therapy (which helps to change the harmful ways of acting), and interpersonal therapy (which helps to learn to relate better with others) are the major areas of talk therapy. (An Overview of Talk Therapy) The major problem in mental health sector is the cost factor. Most of the ordinary mental patients may not approach the talk therapists. The problem with talk therapy was not the effectiveness, but the cost.

H.W Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

H.W - Assignment Example Each employee will strive to meet set goals so that they earn such non-cash rewards. In addition, Gina will find non-cash rewards less costly compared to cash. First, employees may not notice exactly how worthy is the reward. This is contrary to cash rewards in which workers consider the amount to get motivated. For example, Gina should set a program in which successful logging detailed notes about the client call in the online database, the customer care representative earns points used to redeem tangible items of value to them. To maintain customer satisfaction at the end of every call, Gina should make it part of her reward to manage knowledge. Rewards imply after exemplary performance, there should be learning experience that enhances other employees to gain knowledge of serving in the same line. However, Gina should be careful not to overload the trip with learning sessions. Employee should find more than 80 percent of the travel to himself or herself for recreation. In summary, non-cash rewards are guilt-free as opposed to money that employees spend on ordinar y commitments. May Johnson’s performance problems are multi-faceted. First, she lacks management experience. It is her first experience working with a group of employees reporting directly to her. As a result, she believes that everything should go in line with what she understands and strongly holds. Secondly, Johnson lacks knowledge of the current systems used by the company and other employees. She relies on obsolete systems. Johnson’s overreliance on obsolete systems constantly raises conflicts with her junior employees. In addition, Johnson does not understand vital aspects of job specialization. She desires to perform everything and does not believe that any duty accomplished by other individuals can be perfect. Johnson repeats every work her junior staff members present to her. May Johnson’s employee are

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis Joseph Wong Brendan Mullins Nathan Shoemaker Mike Dorazio Abdul Aldualeg Guillermo Venancio Buoyancy is the upward force from the water needed to stay afloat. Since pressure increases with depth, there is a higher pressure and the bottom of the volume of fluid than the top. The pressure difference results in a net force that will accelerate an object upward. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference and is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, which is a property explained in Archimedes’ Principle. The first person to realize a concept that related to buoyant forces was Archimedes. Archimedes stated the basic concept of buoyant forces in his famous Archimedes’ Principle, which states that the weight of the fluid that anybody displaces when submerged either partially or fully, is equal to the buoyant force exerted on said body. This buoyant force is what allows any object to float on the surface of any liquid as long as the buoyant force is large enough of counter the weight of the object; otherwise, it will sink. A good example of this principle is a floating aircraft carrier. Although the ship is made out of heavy steel, it is constructed so that there is a large amount of open space in it to stay afloat. In addition, what determines whether the object is heavier than the buoyant force is its density. Density, by definition, is the mass of the object per unit volume that the object takes up and is denoted by the Greek letter Ï  (rho). Since the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object, if the submerged object is denser than the water, it will sink because it has a greater weight than the water displaced. In this experiment, we test this theory buy using a common orange. One can think of the peel of an orange like a life jacket that might keep you afloat while in the river. The density indicates how close the atoms of the object are packed together. In the case of an orange, the atoms of the peel are not packed near as closely as the actual fruit, causing it to float when the unpeeled orange is placed in the water. This project involves two oranges, weighing approximately 0.49 pounds each. When dropped in water, it can be observed that both oranges float when they are unpeeled. In an orange, the peel is a spongy material and has tiny pockets of air, which makes the density of orange less than the density of the water, in turn, causing it to float. When the second orange is peeled and dropped in water, it sinks to the bottom of the container. This simple experiment is a great way to demonstrate buoyancy and density. The orange is enclosed in a porous rind, which has a spongy look and feel and contains air pockets, which help to provide buoyancy to the floating orange. When the unpeeled orange is put into the water then the air pockets of the rind fill themselves with air, the submerged orange is activated as a life jacket, the orange is saved from drowning into the water, and it floats on the surface. The similar concept is used in the life jackets, which help the humans to stay afloat in the waters. All the people riding on the boats or travelling in the sea are educated and advised to have a Personal Floating Device (PFD) with them so that in case of emergencies they can be save d from any kind of mishap. It is very interesting to note here that most of the deaths that occur on the waters are not far away from the shore but they occur quite near the shore, on the inland waters within a radius of about a 50 m from the shore due to the sheer negligence of the swimmers because of their insistence on not wearing a life jacket. The thing to note here is that the efficiency and the coverage of the state on the waters is so amazing that the state does not allow any passenger on the waters to stay on board without a life jacket. There is an exemption to the passengers if they are staying in the cabin or any other closed place on a boat. The state offers a guidebook for the travelers and the passengers on the waters and it clearly states and advises the presence and wearing life jackets so no loss of any kind or any other harm can take place. So, what is in a life jacket that it has become a serious part of any passenger’s life that commences his trip on the waters? The life jacket provides the extra buoyancy needed for the person to stay afloat and save himself from drowning. The life jacket is filled with air on the inner side, which helps to control the relationship b/w the buoyant force and that of the person floating. It helps to carry the weight of the person floating above the water so that his or her weight does not become a serious concern and drowns the person. Gone are the times when one would have to wear inflated life jackets that were also heavy and bulky and were also a problem for the person to wear and be comfortable with it, with each passing day the scientists are very much concerned about the welfare and well-being of the people so they are developing new up to the mark jackets that are easy to wear, inflate themselves in water, are very comfortable with huge arm outlets to ease the movement in the waters. Nowadays one has to ensure the presence of different personal floating devices for different purposes i.e. for inland water use, for staying on board, for float purposes. The life jacket is not a fit for all object, it is to be chosen for people of different ages and sizes. It provides inflation according to the buoyant force needed for the person to stay afloat. One of the biggest advantages of having a life jacket is that it comes in shiny colors that are visible for the rescue staff and it is easier for them to save the drowning or in danger person. On board staff are advised to have some floating aid for the people drowning in the waters so that they can provide support to them in the hour of need and can save a human life with the instant aid. The state ensures that all the people must have some sort of floating aid and for that, the lifeguards as well as the coast guards are advised to ensure the usage of the life jackets and their presence on the boat. Caring about the life jacket is a very important part. The life jacket that is not in a good shape and is torn or have some cuts on it can be of great danger to the user as it can cause the drowning so the life jacket must be properly checked and it should be ensured that they work properly before someone takes a dive into the waters. The safety of the person depends a lot on the reliability of the device that is being employed to save the person from drowning. The basic thing needed for the proper use of the life jackets and their importance in saving the lives of many is conveying the proper education and information to the people on board and to those venturing the waters for any reason whatsoever. The lifeguards and the coast guards should give proper lessons to all the people around the waters. They should arrange a session for all the people that are new to the waters so that their lives can be saved by just a simple precaution of wearing a life jacket. It is easier to save so many just by educating them because every life matters. It can be summarized as the buoyant force generated in case of an orange residing on the surface of the water is basically given by the rind of the fruit which has air pockets and when the fruit is submerged into the water then air pockets are full and the necessary buoyant force is applicable to the weight of the orange and it stays afloat. Life jackets are a useful part of the people travelling on shore and it has to stay with them in the hour of need so that they can save themselves from any difficulty on staying above water or any other danger of drowning. There should be education concerning the proper use of the personal assistance device which helps is saving lives. In addition, the people associated with the business should be given proper instruction to ensure the use of the device. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/life-jacket1.htm http://www.ehow.com/info_12045878_science-projects-kids-floating-oranges.html

Physics of Billiards :: physics sport sports pool billiards

Physics can be found anytime, anywhere. Billards is one game where the more you know about physics the better a player you will be. Some of the main physics principles in Billards are: Newton's Laws: 1st: An object in motion tends to stay in motion while an object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force. 2nd: Force is proportional to mass times the acceleration. 3rd: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Conservation of Momentum: In an isolated system, (a system with no outside force acting upon it) then the total momentum will remain constant. Inertia: The tendency an object has to follow the same path all the time and not change its motion. Friction: Sliding Friction: the friction on an object while it is moving. Static Friction: Static Friction is the friction that acts on an object that is stationary. There are a few different techniques to striking the cue ball and each will give a different results. Center ball: When you hit center ball, the cue ball slides for a ways, and then rolls. Draw: Is achieved by hitting the cue ball below center. First the ball rotates backward. This rotation slows as the ball slides, and then the ball rolls forward as it does on other shots. The harder you shoot, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. And the lower you cue the ball, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. Follow: The opposite of draw is follow. This is achieved by hitting the cue ball above center. The cue ball then rotates forward. If the cue ball then hits another ball, it will roll forward after the collision. Stop shot: When the cue ball is very close to the object ball, this can be accomplished with center ball.

“Horses of the Night” by Margaret Laurence Essay

How an individual looks at life makes all the difference in how it will turn out. In the story, â€Å"Horses of the Night,† by Margaret Laurence, a young and innocent narrator, Vanessa, befriends the much older Chris, who deals with his problems by hiding in his own fantasy world. Chris and Vanessa are character-foils of each other, and their perspectives are represented accordingly. Vanessa’s perspective keeps her grounded to reality, and Chris’s is a very negative force in his life. Laurence shows that the abnormal perspective that Chris holds has very tragic consequences. Just as the time in which â€Å"Horses of the Night† is set infuses the story with an atmosphere of despair, so does the predicament that Chris faces from the beginning of his appearance in the story. Although Chris has at least high hopes on the outside that he will make it to college, the reader, his family, and possibly even him know that, â€Å"the answer is a foregone conclusion†: he won’t be able to afford it. Vanessa is aware that she is living during the Depression, but it affects her much less than it does Chris. From her perspective, â€Å"the Depression and drought were external and abstract, malevolent gods whose names I secretly learned although they were concealed from me, and whose evil I sensed only superstitiously.† Chris tries to escape from his hardships by taking a viewpoint of optimism, and often enhancing things to seem better than they are. For example, Chris tells Vanessa he is going to be a world traveler when in reality he is only becoming a traveling salesman. Chris wants people’s judgments of him to be good, and also believes his own mistruths to create a better sense of self-worth for himself. One of the reasons he is fond of children younger than himself is because of their adoration for him. Vanessa is also aware of being judged poorly, but more so by Chris than anyone else. From her perspective, the relationship between Chris and her is tarnished by the age difference. Although Chris is always hopeful on the outside, on the inside he is utterly pessimistic. On the night when Chris and Vanessa stay at the lake, he expresses his true feelings for the first time. When he is talking about the stars, he points out that, â€Å"we won’t ever get to know [about the stars]†. We  also learn that he is bitter about the nature of the universe. â€Å"People usually say there must be a God,† he said, â€Å"but that’s ridiculous.† On the other side of Chris is Vanessa. Vanessa is relatively unresponsive to Chris’s rants about the world. She was not going to argue with him at the time, but we learn that she does not take his cynical view when she hesitantly says, â€Å"sometimes,† when referring to his perspective of the stars. Laurence shows that as a character thinks, a character’s life unfolds. Vanessa and Chris, although good friends, have very different perspectives of the world they live in, and for Chris, his negativity ends up destroying his mind.

Life stage

Psychodrama counseling and therapy Involves a number of Important elements, which perhaps Is what makes the psychodrama approach more and more interesting to those who go on developing in their work. (E. G.Erik Erosion's work on life stages and the object relation theory) While in no sense wishing to undervalue the importance of basic listening and responding skills, nor the centrality of a positive therapeutic relationship, the ongoing experience of working with people leads to more and more thirst for understanding how and why different personalities unction differently, why people think, feel and behave the way they do (Jacobs Michael, 1998). – Consider deleting the above.Our experiences and the world around us daily confront us with the fact that effects have causes. Erosion's work on the theory of psychosocial stages of development and Melanie Kelvin's contributions in the Object Relations Theory will be focus of my discussion In the first part of this work. Erikson empha sizes that personality develops in a predetermined order and build upon previous stages of development – the epigenetic principle. He holds that the ego successfully develops when it is able to strictly resolve problems that are socially related.With Klein, the early stages of life are very strategic in the nature of the child's unconscious phantasm visit-a-visit its interaction with the world of reality. This period, she holds, forms the basis for the later development of more complex states of mental life. Erik Erosion's Theory of Life Stages While Freud puts great emphasis on the id and its conflicting interaction with the superego, Erikson talks about the ego and its interaction with the socio-cultural environment. Erosion's model is a combination of â€Å"psychosocial† and â€Å"psychosocial† elements.There can sometimes be an attempt to overcome the human tendency to mistake what can be submitted to established techniques for the true nature of things. â⠂¬â€œ Consider deleting. In his opinion, healing always calls for a holistic attitude that does not argue with established factors but to attempt to Include them In a wider context of some enlightening quality. (Erikson Erik, Erosion's historical experiences Influenced his assumption that â€Å"a human being's existence depends at every moment on three necessary and complementary processes† (Erikson, 1997).These processes are: The biological process – the functional connectivity of the efferent organs that constitute the human body (soma). The psychic process – the function of the psyche which Is responsible for the Individual's experience In the form of the ego synthesis (psyche) and, The communal process – which is about the cultural organization of the interdependence of persons (ethos). There is a symphony among these processes that bring about holistic human event. Hence, any form of failure or the isolation of any one part of the three processes res ults in somatic tension.In view of the indispensability this Interdependence – the organisms principle, Erikson maintains that the process Is Inevitable grounding of the In his description, epigenetic refers to the probability that all growth and development follow analogous patterns. In the epigenetic sequence of development, each organ has its time of origin. (Erikson, 1997) According the epigenetic principle, we develop through a predetermined unfolding of personality, which occurs in eight stages. This principle emphasizes the importance of each organ developing properly at the appropriate stage.He writes that (Erikson, 1997) â€Å"If the organ misses its time of ascendancy, it is not only doomed as an entity, it endangers at the same time the hole hierarchy of organs, â€Å"Not only does the arrest of a rapidly budding part tend to suppress its development temporarily, but the premature loss of supremacy to some other renders it impossible for the suppressed part to co me again into dominance so that it is permanently modified. † Improper development gives rise to detrimental situations. For instance, it could force a child into adulthood.One idea that calls to mind here is the sometimes misapplication of the concept of â€Å"responsible person† in some societies. Children are passively or actively forced to take up great responsibilities which, given their extent f experience and maturity, are not befitting of their age. Thus, the natural process of psychic development is truncated. The possible consequence of such a marred process, lacking in the right support or experience, is maladaptive behavior patterns or malignant behaviors.In a normal physical and emotional development, the individual is faced with tasks that generate in them a trust-mistrust way of relating to their environment. Erikson argues that a balanced form of learning rests on how, say the trust-mistrust elements are managed by the ego. He holds that (Erikson, 1997), â€Å"How, after birth, the maturing organism continues to unfold, by growing playfully and by developing a prescribed sequence of physical, cognitive, and social capacities- all that is described in the literature of child development †¦ If properly guided, can be trusted to conform to the epigenetic laws of development as they now create a succession of potentialities for significant interaction with a growing number of individuals and with the mores that govern them†. Hence, the individual stands the chance of growing psychologically stronger insofar as they are given the appropriate support at each stage of development by the key persons. Erosion's psychosocial theory considers the impact of external factors, like parents and the society, has on personality development from childhood to adulthood.Every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. 1. Infancy: 0-18 Months Old/Trust versus Mistrust. The right amount of feed ing and care is pretty much the determinant factor at this stage. Erikson emphasizes that if the infant is well fed and cared for, it will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust. This however excludes over-indulgence mistrust. On the other hand, infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and eve faith that ‘things will generally be okay'. 2. Muscular – Anal: 18 Months-arrears: Autonomy v Shame.At this stage, a sense of independence of thought, basic confidence to think and act for oneself begins to generate. During this stage the well-cared for child is sure of himself and self-esteems himself in a positive light as against withdrawing into himself in shame. At this stage, defiance, temper, tantrums, and stubbornness can also appear. At this period, children tend to be vulnerable. Besides being shrouded in shame, they are also impacted upon by low self-esteem if they become aware of their inability to learn certain skills. Locomotors: 3-6 Years â⠂¬â€œ Initiative versus Guilt. At this stage the child develops a sense of responsibility which increases their ability to use their initiative. During this stage they experience the desire to copy the adults around them and take initiative in creating play opportunities. They also start to explore the world around them, asking the â€Å"why-questions†. Guilt and sense of inferiority result from being admonished or when there is a belief that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. At this stage the relationship with the family is very significant. 4.Latency: 6-12 Years – Industry versus Inferiority. Here, the child develops the capability of learning social skills that the society requires of them. There is a strong desire to acquire numerous new skills and to acquire knowledge, which helps them to develop industriously. If for any reason there is stagnation, the child may experience feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among their peers. They can have serious problems in terms of competence and self esteem. Here competency is the virtue to strike the balance. 5. Adolescence: 12-18 Years- Identity versus Role Confusion.In adolescence, some form of conflict between struggling to belong to a particular group, being accepted ND affirmed by the group, exists in young people, amidst the desire to also become individuals. This in itself is a big dilemma for them. It is mostly in the early part of this stage that pubic consciousness sets in. 6. Young Adult: 19-30 Years: Intimacy versus Isolation. Young adulthood is the middle stage of adolescence and the concern at this stage of development centers around issues of independence from parental influence, and moving towards autonomy and self-direction.There is also the desire for economic independence. Hence, in order to chart a career path, striving to make the most of homeless in the best possible way. 7. Middle Adult 30-65 Years: Generatively versus Stagnation. The adult person concern a t this stage is to embark on projects that will outlast him; leaving legacies could be having children or establishing projects that will benefit others in the society. It can be making one's mark in the scheme of affairs in the world. Simply, it is to make better the world around us by actively caring for others according to one's capability.Generative feelings contrast with those of stagnation in that in the latter, the individual think of themselves as unproductive and uninvolved in the world round them. Stagnation evokes feelings of disconnect with their environment and failure to improve their life or the society in which the live. Thus, it is a stage whereby to find a sense of purpose and identity informs every experimentation that the adult embarks on. In sum, it is a lasting self image-making adventurous stage in life and in some ways, linkable with the first stage. 8. Maturity/Late Adulthood 65-Death: Ego Integrity versus Despair.This is the stage of stock taking of how one lived their life. It is a moment when thoughts of a productively lived life are rewarded with feelings of fulfillment and integrity on count of one's industrious involvements in the world around them. Or it could be a time of regret and despair for misused opportunities upon reflecting on their experiences and failures. Those who feel proud about themselves indicate they have lived accomplished life hence they associate integrity and satisfaction to themselves. Not having much to regret about their life, they can attain wisdom even when confronting death.The unaccomplished person will feel they have wasted their lifetime and are thus left in bitterness and despair. Nonetheless, these stages are however not set in stone. Though certain issues are nonfood to a particular stage, some others which seem to be pertinent to particular periods can surface at any other time. They are not always resolved by passing through the one stage alone. They could sometimes remain a concern throughout life. Jacobs Michael 1998) OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY: In Fraud's psychoanalysis, the term, â€Å"object† is employed to designate the target of all drives.The object in Fraud's view is a means through which gratification can either be obtained or denied. Object in Fraud's psychology is secondary for the reason that it does not form part of the constitutive nature of drives. But with Melanie Klein, elation's to object are very central to her psychoanalysis, for in her views, it constitutes the fabric of the self. In her contributions in the object relations theory, she explains the nature of the child's unconscious phantasm concerning its mother's â€Å"inside†, which is populated by varieties of organs and babies.She argues that this phantasm is carried on in earlier months of life, but at this time, it is about the child's â€Å"inside† or its internal presence which is populated by body parts substances and people etc. As development progresses, the child's exp eriences with objects in its environment and significant there are internally represented in images. According to Stephen A. Mitchell, (1981, 2), Klein holds that the state of one's internal object world forms the basis of their relations with internal and external objects, as well as the drives, closely bound together, constitute the crucial determinant of the most important psychical process.Klein argues that internal objects are inherent in the child and prior to experience. As development progresses the child's images of objects gradually take on aspects of the real object they represent in the world. The desire to find the real representation f these earliest internal images in relation to a child's environment informs its loving or hateful drives. Klein posits a somewhat similar idea of death instinct in further explanation of the inherent, fantastic early object, as does Freud. She argues that, immediately following birth, the child feels within itself, a threat to its life a nd this must take place if it is to survive.This is seen in the cry which a child gives off at birth. She holds that the child's first experience of an object in the internal or external world at this point grows out of perceptual misinterpretation of some foreign object whose purpose is to annihilate the child. This sort of experience, Klein explains, accounts for subsequent frustration of bodily needs, physical sensations, tension and discomfort in life. Conversely, pleasurable sensations are attributed to good forces. Klein holds that a child has no sense of self or any rational mind, amidst huge and unmediated feelings.The mother is psychologically the child's ego and the means of dealing with these feelings. She argues that (1957, 248), â€Å"†¦ The infant has an innate unconscious awareness of the existence of the mother this instinctual knowledge s the basis for the infant's primal relation to his mother. † Hence, having a great mother has a huge impact on the wel lbeing and development of the child, as well as its psychosis later in life. In contrast to Fraud's emphasis on the intra-psychic conflict of sexual drives, Klein, emphasis is on the breast.For her, the object of the mother- baby relationship is all about the breast. In place of libidinal drives, she posits aggressive drives as the force of the object of a child's relations to its creating environment. Thus, the breast is no less an object for the child as do its mother and father. Object relations theory is largely maternal in approach because it stresses the foundational impact of the intimacy and nurturing of the mother on the child. The relations aspect of Kelvin's theory points to the nature of the structure of interpersonal relationships.This structure can be usefully employed in exploring and tracing what and how experiences might be the cause of present psychosis. â€Å"CAN WE EVER LEAVE THE PAST BEHIND†? The relationship between the present and the past is a fascinat ing one. The idea that the past influences the present can be argued for based on the principle of cause and effect. According to Jacob Michael (1998) â€Å"Older philosophical thinking used this as one of the arguments for the existence of God: that wherever there is an effect, there must be a cause; since behind every cause there must be another, this sequence extends into infinity until the prime cause is reached†. Occasional allusions to insights of some psychologists At a very general level, in the human society is indubitable that civic policies and laws take their shape and form from experiences of the past. Much so, it is with human behavior in all its complexities. Past experiences can act as stabilizing and purporting scripts influence on the trajectory of a present lifestyle. The extent to which this is exclusively true cannot be wholly guaranteed, however.It may also be that suppressing past conflicts is much more pragmatic for some others, and presents a rather f luid ways of managing the present, only that such approach leaves one a prisoner of an unresolved past until it is attended to. It is worth noting that, however one decides to suppress the past, certain events in the present will somehow unravel it. The bereavement experiences of a friend whose mother passed away is one of many examples that calls to mind which demonstrates that past experiences impact on present. Rose, the first child and only sister of five brothers developed a strong bond with her mother.The mother, for her represented her other self. Hence, she was an integral part of Rose development as a human being. The extent of the relationship was such that, now that her mother is no more, Rose finds life rather â€Å"meaningless and worthless to live†. From our discussions, I can deduce and summaries her feelings thus, â€Å"The pillar on which she leant, having now fallen, portends a threat or imaginable discomfort to her continued existence. † Two points s eemed operative in the deep bonding that Rose had with her late mother.First, she is the only daughter and had been taught by her mother on how to be domesticated as is generally and proudly the natural character of African women. As a hardworking and industrious woman her mother remained a model for her. Secondly, to be a first child in the African setting, one gradually develops a sense of responsibility to looking after their younger ones. Of course, Rose as a social being needed to relate and share with someone with whom she found compatible. She was more naturally inclined towards her mother, being the only woman in the family. Though she has friends, her mother was top in her list.She grew to understand what it meant to be loved, supported and to be a responsible woman from her mother. Now that her heroine is no more, Rose is at the stage where she feels an abysmal hollow in her life such that deflecting its impact and projecting her mother's fugue into her environment is inde ed a struggle, having recognized that, she nevertheless, has to find a way to continue to live. How to make best of the â€Å"here and now' is a challenge that confronts her. Thus, to break away from the deeply grafted emotional attachment to her mother is indeed a huge challenge.Thus, on the question of â€Å"can we ever leave the past behind†, and based on the instances of Rose's present condition, I will state that it is somewhat of a difficult a thing to do, depending on how our relationship is impacting on us at a given time. Discussions that we had, I kept the principle of â€Å"triangle of insight† in view while making my inputs Just so that a possible link might be made between the developmental patterns of the images of her internal and those of her external oral; the past and the present. No matter what the content of our past is, it is well worth our while to approach it with an open mind.This can either help us to understand how our past consciously or unc onsciously interferes with our present or how to make best of a not-so-good condition. Rose understands that she needs to get on with life. It is the how of it that is the real task. She needs facing the inevitable with confidence and with a degree of mental and physical independence. Hence, she needs embarking on resolving her past by taking up the tough task of emotional attachment from her late intimate friend, less her physical discomfort in all its forms persist and her instinct for life remains threatened.From Rose's story, I gathered that her mother represented more of a trust figure, while others were somewhat of mistrust figures. She experienced a great deal of protection from her late mother that she so thought of herself as being fragile. Rose's intimacy with her mother appeared not to have given her the opportunity to develop a much healthier relationship with her peers (Erikson). That being the case, she is now faced with the challenge of establishing a trusting relatio nship with others.As much as she cherishes the memory of her mother, she must be careful not to allow her qualities have an overbearing effect on her inevitable adventure, less it will be difficult to establish the degree of trust that her moving on in life needs. Conclusion: The past is in some way informative of who we are, how and why we relate to others the way we do. And so, looking into the past is very necessary but we need to be careful as not to become stuck in it or too Judgmental about ourselves or past history; for there is always something to take from the past in order to meaningfully chart the resent course of life.Rose can only come to terms with the fact that her mother is no more, it is impossible that she will leave her memories and friendship behind. On the basis of the foregoing instances, my position is that it is impossible to completely leave the past behind. Klein, Melanie, (1957) ‘Our Adult World and its Roots in Infancy in Envy and Gratitude and Othe r Works, London: Hogwash, Mitchell, Stephen, (1981), The Origin and Nature of the â€Å"Object† in the Theories of Klein and Birdbrain. Contempt. Psychoanalyst. 17: 74-398, Accessed June 06, 2014, g:mom.