Analysis of an Advertisement Essay -- Rhetorical Analysis

Analysis of an Advertisement Every woman penurys baseball fields because they ar beautiful, rare, and are a symbol of success. There is something about diamonds that exploit every woman want one. Diamonds make a woman feel bold, sophisticated, and powerful. Something magazine recently published a diamond ad for A Diamond Is eternally.Com. A Diamond Is Forever . Com is a website that does not sell diamonds, but displays all the new styles of diamonds and how to leveraging or create the perfect diamond for a customer. In this ad they are advertising a new style of diamond ring called the right hand ring. The advertisement is of a young, beautiful woman staring directly at you with a seductive look. On her right had she is wearing a bright, scintillation diamond ring that stands out. Underneath of the woman are pictures of four different styles of the diamond right ring. In the middle of the four pictures is the text YOUR LEFT HAND LOVES CANDLELIGHT. YOUR RIG HT HAND LOVES THE SPOTLIGHT. YOUR LEFT HAND DECLARES YOUR COMMITMENT. YOUR RIGHT HAND IS A resolve OF INDEPENDENCE. WOMEN OF THE WORLD RAISE YOUR RIGHT HAND. After those words are the companys slogan A Diamond Is Forever. The pictures, text, and slogan of this advertisement work together to make it one that affectively captures the audiences attention. The purpose of an advertisement is to sell a product. Clearly, a person flipping through the pages of a magazine will be captured by the sparkling diamond and bold text. The advertisement is simple rather than one that is complex and difficult to understand. And the designer of this ad knows this. There is nothing more appealing to a woman than a sparkling diamond. The sparkling diamond catche... ...her eyes is mesmerizing. For any male, this would pull them right into the ad. Hoping to get the same look from his significant other, he would purchase a diamond for her. Also, the ad demonstrates a diamond as b eing a symbol of eff. By talking about candlelight and commitment, romance and love is brought into perspective. The picture of this ad reminds men that diamonds are what every woman wants and that their love will last forever with a purchase of a diamond. When a proofreader looks at this ad, he or she is likely to be stunned by it. Its simplicity makes it easy to read and understand. Its boldness grabs your attention. And its slogan allows you to identify with its message on a personal note. Not only does the picture on the ad make diamonds look beautiful and elegant, but also the text and slogan make diamonds seem exotic and powerful.

Lady Macbeth is the True villain :: Macbeth essays

peeress Macbeth is the True villain         In the Shakespearian play Macbeth, it seems to be that every one thinks that Macbeth is the villain. save in actual fact madam Macbeth is the villain.  Lady Macbeth uses her cunning and deceptive skills to over power Macbeth into killing King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter telling her some the witches prophecies, she this instant thinks that she and Macbeth will have to kill King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to kill King Duncan and saying that   Is to ful o the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest vogue Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V.         Lady Macbeth knows that King Duncan must be killed for Macbeth to proceed king, lady Macbeth fells to feminine to be implicated in this racial extermination so she goes and asks the gods to fill her with ruthlessness and hate but to still have the contraceptive powers to deceive a modest human being sam e(p) Macbeth.   Come, you hard liquor that track down on moral thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-full of direst cruelty.  Make thick my blood. Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V   This passage shows Lady Macbeth inquire the gods to fill her with all ruthlessness and hate to commit the killing of King Duncan but to have outer deceptive qualities to perceive other hatful similar Macbeth himself.   Lady Macbeth is getting very confused that Macbeth is refusing to kill King Duncan and she cannot commit the crime her self because evidently King Duncan resembles too much like her father. She fells that Macbeth is not a man and she ridicules and tries to persuade him to kill King Duncan by saying that he is not a man and that the only way to become a man is to kill the king (regicide).   When Macbeth refuse to kill King Duncan he fells that its the wrong thing to do and he wont be sufficient to defy with the guilt and he thoug h to him self why kill some one that has been good so good to me? Macbeth is torn to the part where his wifes spang is more(prenominal) important to him than committing terrible crime.Lady Macbeth is the True villain Macbeth essays Lady Macbeth is the True villain         In the Shakespearian play Macbeth, it seems to be that every one thinks that Macbeth is the villain. But in actual fact Lady Macbeth is the villain.  Lady Macbeth uses her cunning and deceptive skills to over power Macbeth into killing King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter telling her about the witches prophecies, she immediately thinks that she and Macbeth will have to kill King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to kill King Duncan and saying that   Is to ful o the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V.         Lady Macbeth knows that King Duncan must be killed for Macbeth to become king, lady Macbeth fells to feminine to be implicated in this genocide so she goes and asks the gods to fill her with ruthlessness and hate but to still have the contraceptive powers to deceive a modest human being like Macbeth.   Come, you spirits that tend on moral thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-full of direst cruelty.  Make thick my blood. Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V   This passage shows Lady Macbeth asking the gods to fill her with all ruthlessness and hate to commit the killing of King Duncan but to have outer deceptive qualities to perceive other people like Macbeth himself.   Lady Macbeth is getting very confused that Macbeth is refusing to kill King Duncan and she cannot commit the crime her self because evidently King Duncan resembles too much like her father. She fells that Macbeth is not a man and she ridicules and tries to persuade him to kill King Duncan by saying that he is not a man and that the only way to become a man is to kill the king (regicide).   When Macbeth refuse to kill King Duncan he fells that its the wrong thing to do and he wont be able to live with the guilt and he though to him self why kill some one that has been good so good to me? Macbeth is torn to the part where his wifes love is more important to him than committing terrible crime.

Emotionally Disturbed Students Essay -- essays research papers fc

Emotionally Disturbed StudentsStudents with emotional and behavioral perturbations (E/BD) frequently exhibit pedantic deficits alongside their behavioral deficits, particularly in the domain of a function of version however, there are very few studies examining ways to address the reading problems of this population of students at the middle and high school level. The academic deficits exhibited by students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) are well documented in look into literature. As outlined in the federal definition of emotional disturbance, students with this disorder demonstrate an inability to learn and, as a result, pose instructional challenges alongside the behavioral problems that they exhibit in the school environment. Many of these students require intensifier instruction to maintain the academic skills they have been taught and to improve their academic deficits. For many students with E/BD, achievement problems are particularly troublesome in the area of reading (Maughan, Pickles, Hagell, Rutter, & Yule, 1996). Unfortunately, there has been very little published research in the area of reading instruction with this population of students. In their review of reading interventions in the area of E/BD, Coleman and Vaughn (2000) identified only eight published studies that describe the results of reading interventions for students with E/BD. The majority of these studies were conducted with students younger than 12 years of age.The need for additional research in the area of reading instruction is particularly true for adolescents with E/BD. The reading failure of secondary students with behavioral problems has been consistently documented and, as reported in the findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study (Malmgren, Edgar, & Neel, 1998), these reading deficits likely contribute to the dismal outcomes for these students such as high dropout rates, grade retention, and overall little achievement. In addition, the a bsence of empirically derived reading practices for older students with E/BD is particularly problematic given the current emphasis on achieving state curriculum standards and active in content-area learning (Deshler et al., 2001).As noted earlier, students identified with E/BD typically show significant deficits in the area of reading. This is particularly true for secondary-age students with this condition. In a... ...eiman (Eds.), breeding acquisition (pp. 145-174). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Popkin, J., & Skinner, C. H. (2003). Enhancing academic performance in a classroom serving students with serious emotional disturbance Interdependent group contingencies with randomly selected components. initiate Psychology Review, 32, 282-295.Scott, T. M., & Shearer-Lingo, A. (2002). The effects of reading fluency instruction on the academic and behavioral success of middle school students in a self-contained E/BD classroom. Preventing School Failure, 46, 167 -173.Skinner, C. H., Smith, E. S., & McLean, J. E. (1994). The effects of intertrial interval duration on sight-word learning rates in children with behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 98-107.Wehby, J. H. (2003, February). Promoting academic success as an incompatible behavior. writing presented at the Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders International Forum, Las Vegas, NV.Wehby, J. H., Lunsford, L. B., & Phy, E. (2004). Comparing the reading profiles of students with concomitant behavior and reading problems to a normally achieving, reading-matched sample. Manuscript in preparation.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode Popular Superstitions o

Comparing Unification in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, bloody shame Wollstonecraft seeks to abolish repressive, orthodox conventions. She endeavors to abate manners that lacerate our society, that elevate man above woman, that prohibit equal exchange between the sexes. This unequal system of sex roles forms the basis of her argument. Wollstonecraft claims that civilization will not progress while half its population is subjugated. Arguing that progress in sexual commerce will residual the scales, she seeks simplicity in society through equality between man and woman. Through equal education, rejection of traditional expectations, but most importantly a chemise of complex, debilitating emotions like love and passion, the sexes will overlap, becoming one, becoming unisexual. This simplification, this unisexuality, will clear the smoke between men and women, allowing them to return to a basis of cause upon which to build a better society. Wollstonecraft sees this unisexuality as the savior of human kind. In An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland, Considered as the Subject of Poetry, William collins seeks to abolish cultural stereotypes ripping Scottish and English societies. Collins realizes that if unabated, the rising 18th century commercial torrent will consume Scotland. This flood will leave the north hopelessly backward, unable to unite with the southern commonwealth. The growing cultural and economic gap between north and south will leave England ripe for conflict. Collins as well realizes that the British Empire can never be a great power unless these two warring factions u... ...al level simplifies the conflict between the sexes because it eliminates the messy mad biases attached to this conflict. Returning Scot and Brit to their ancient Celtic past simplifies the conflict between their nations because it eliminates messy emotional biases attached to this impasse as well. Both Wollstonecraft and Collins seek harmony through reason both seek unity through precision, both succeed because simplicity speaks to everyone, Brit, Scot, man or woman. Works Cited Collins, William. An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland,Considered as the Subject of Poetry. Online. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 3034 Texts and Contexts Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature. Oct. 1998. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York Norton, 1988.

A Comparison of Fate in The Stranger (The Outsider) and Myth of Sisyphus :: comparison compare contrast essays

Fate in The Stranger (The Outsider) and Myth of Sisyphus In his works, The Stranger (The Outsider) and Myth of Sisyphus, Camus addresses the consciousness of Meursault and Sisyphus through their essential. Sisyphus knows his fate. He to Because he has the opportunity and does rationalize his fate, he has consciousness. As the rock rolls back down, he is able to look back upon his life and analyze it. Nothing could be more existentialist. Sartres Garcin wants to meet his fate face to face. So, Sisyphus, embodies this desire of Garcin, and is thus a genius to him. Similarly, Charles Dickens scrooge has the unique opportunity to become an observer to his fate in the past, present and future. musical composition Camus Meursault does not care about his past, he expresses the same feelings as scrooge and Garcin in their desire to confront their fate. Indeed, this is why they are every man and Sisyphus is our hero - he has and will always confront his fate. He has the conscious power to contemplate and control his fate. Therefore, if we know that everyone faces death as their fate, consciousness equals the ability to mete out with ones fate. If we know our fate, do our lives hold meaning? Meursault remarks, Nothing, nothing mattered, and I know why. He knows he will be executed by a gild in which he cannot exist, but he resigns and thereby assures himself that the middle is meaningless. Before his arrest, he knew he would die. Perhaps this knowledge justifies his living moment to moment. His statement compares to Becketts Vladimir when he laments, Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it is awful Both Meursault and Vladimir understand their insurmountable fate, but Meursault desires to confront it. This reveals Meursault to have the heroic qualities of Sisyphus. So, what Vladimir recognizes, Meursault confronts, and Sisyphus transcends. Sisyphus conquers his fate in raise of his immortality. Camus addresses the consciousness of Meursault and Sisyphus thro ugh their fate. By the ability to recognize his past, Sisyphus shows how Meursault lacks unhappiness. Meursault has nothing with which to compare the pleasure he feels instantly, so he is at the least continually gist and possibly perpetually happy. Conversely, Sisyphus understands his past yet chooses not to compare his past to the present or his known future. When the priest asks Meursault if he would prefer a distinct life to his own, he remarks he wants a life where I could remember this one.

Bill Budd :: essays research papers

Her musical composition Melville&8217s billy Budd is a story about true goodness. It entails the conflict of good and evil, just now more than that it portrays innocence in its&8217 about purest form. Innocence is an exploitable commodity. While this is universally recognized, there argon many different ways people confront it. Some people choose to embrace and harbor it. While others choose to abuse it and corrupt it. Those who choose the latter are evil&61630plain and simple. By making this choice they are reflecting not upon the innocent, but upon themselves. This reflection is humanity in its darkest configuration.Billy Budd and John Claggart are opposing forces. Billy Budd who is described as &8220strength and beauty. Tales of his prowess recited. Ashore he the champion, adrift(predicate) the spokesman on every suitable occasion always foremost. John Claggart, a man &8220in whom was the mania of an evil nature, not engendered by vicious raising or corrupting books or licen tious living but born with him and innate, in short &8216a depravity according to nature.&8217 These two people who are clearly on opposite sides of the spectrum contrast one another in a plethora of ways. Where Billy is sweet, John is bitter. Where Billy is nave, John is knowledgeable. Where Billy is content, John is jealous. Lastly, where Billy is good, John is bad.The ugliness that results in the death of both men portrays the triumph of sinister forces over the meek. John Claggart, who is a powerful and feared man aboard Bellipotent, lashes out at Billy who is for the most part defenseless. This is an injustice of biblical proportions.What could have prevented this from happening? Perhaps, if Billy picked up on John&8217s malicious intent the entire tragedy could have been avoided. But, on the other hand Billy was good and sought goodness. That is why he failed to see the wickedness in Claggart.To discourage Billy&8217s goodness is to compromise the very thing that makes us huma n in the first place&61630Humans hear goodness instinctively. Thus, it is society&8217s innate responsibility to protect the good (nave) from those who are in a position to hurt them (people with knowledge.)The significance of Billy&8217s death is that of sacrifice and honor. Billy&8217s death was, in a word&61630majestic. &8220At the same moment it chanced that the vapory fleece hanging low in the East was shot through with a soft glory as of the fleece of the Lamb of God seen in mystical vision, and simultaneously therewith, watched by the impacted mass

Fast and Furious Movie Analysis Essay

This scene is the last scene of the movie. It takes place at the old inhabitation that the ring lived in when the first movie came out. The crew(Dom, Brian, Letty, Mia, roman, Tej, Han, and Brians child) are gathered together in the yard. Starting the scene Roman comes out of the house and tells Tej non to blow a fuse the barbeque again(implying that this wasnt the first time it had happened, with Tej replying that he never burned it before. Then it the scene switches focus to Brian, Mia, and their son in which Brian explains that the houses demeanor quality and traffic isnt the best, but he thinks that he will learn to like it. Mia focuses on showing him the garage and explaining that it was the place where he could digit his first car with daddy. A few moments after she said that, Dom responds First car better be a charger jack, which Brian gave a upset look to and replied You mean a skyline. Letty chuckles as Dom argues Like I said hes a Toretto(fact bring that Brians last let on was OConnor). OConnor smiles back and responds Youre confusing the kid, as Dom then asks Mia if she was going to let him get away with those words(even though all this was clean playful, loving arguments).The focus goes to Han, Tej, and Roman as they discus Hans plan to move back to Tokyo, nearlything he feels that he has to do because of the plans he made with his girlfriend, whom had died in the so bingler scene. Tej wonders if he was really going to leave, and after Han confirms it, Tej says You know we got your back, whenever you need it. The men nod to each other and seconds later Hobbs and Elena enter the scene, as Roman makes a joke and Hobbs retaliates. Hobbs, in his stiff posture, walks up to Toretto(Dom) and OConnor and openly expresses that they are now free of all their crimes. Excitement arises, Wasnt half bad having you practise for me, says Hobbs. Now we all know you were overworking for me Hobbs, Dom replies. Brian interferes says that they agree to disa gree and thanks Hobbs for what he has done. As the men are gathered, Letty approaches Elena(Tej expressing to Roman that it must be an gluey encounter), and thanks her for everything she had done for Dom and her, then continues by implying that she was an amazing woman. As the two talk they go back and forth about Dom and end off on good terms, even though it was the first time they had met and they were both in love with the uniform man. Once again the scene switches to Hobbs and Dom, as they stand location by side. Dome takes a step forward(looking straight ahead past Hobbs) Not bad for a cop he says with a smirk. As Hobbs does the same he replies I never thought Id trust a criminal. Till next time, they both say to one another and part ways. Hobbs gives Elena the sign to head out, but Dom stops her and explains You dont have to go. Elena informs him that it was not her place, but that this was his home and her home was with the law of nature force. She kisses him and walks aw ay. The original crew mentioned in the beginning of the paper come together at the lunch table and laugh amongst each other, Dom asks Letty, Any of this feel old(prenominal) to you?, No But it feels like home, she responds after taking a sip of her beer. The scene comes to an end as they say grace as a family. Scene 4 Concept Primary GroupsFor this scene, the concept of a radical group will be applied. According to the book, Communicating In GroupsApplication of Skills, Adams and Galanes plant primary groups as groups formed to meet primary needs for inclusion and affection(Adams and Galanes). Although this type of group can be used for a work type situation, it is mostly connected to a button up type relationship. Each member shows motives such as love, caring, avoiding feelings of loneliness, sharing, feeling cared about. These are successful only when the members make up ones mind to let go of some freedom as individuals. A primary group can come in many different forms, suc h as friends, sororities, fraternities, etc. However, the group from fast and furious 6, demonstrate the main form of a primary group, a family(even though almost all of them are not blood related). For example, the way Brian and Dom argue about which car the OConnors son will first build, going back to their competitive spirit on what type of car was best. Although they were disagreeing with each other, their words were all out of love for the child and one another.Another example of this concept is the conversation between Han and Tej. Although Han each wants to go out to Tokyo for himself, he has the support of his closest friends(the crew), and you know this when Tej say You know we got your back, whenever you need it. By saying this, it shows that they care for each other, which is an principal(prenominal) factor to be a primary group(need to be caring).To become a primary group I had addressed that you must be willing to present away your individual desires. A prime example of this was the one on one discussion that occurred between Hobbs and Dom. Once again, Dom says Not bad for a cop, as Hobbs replies I never thought Id trust a criminal. The word trust in these few words is key. As a primary group, a family, you must trust one another and although neither of the two men had got along with each other in previous matters, they became somewhat close and finally put aside their individual attitudes to welcome each other in as one unit.According to Preserve Articles, there are some more points in being a primary group, two of which are physical proximity and identity of ends. Physical proximity is connected with the fusion of personalities at heart the group(Bhatt), which is exemplified as each of the members get together at the end at one table and enjoy a nice lunch together. This is a symbol of closeness within the characters. Identity of ends is connected with the fusion of personalities within the group(Bhatt). As this point of the article states, a primary group usually sees the world through the same Letty says No But it feels like home. Letty had lost her memory, which is revealed in an earlier scene of the movie, but they way that she says everything feels like home implies that she was one of them, and that she also seen the world in a very similar, if not the same way as the others(identity of ends).This is the only scene in which the whole dress is based off of the group being a primary group rather than a secondary group.

Athens in the Time of Pericles †Religion Death and Burial Essay

Pericles lived from 495-429 BC. During this time, religion was inextricably linked with Athenian society. It contributed to a lot of Athenian socialisation and the many aspects of religion were interpret through buildings, artworks, feasts and every day rituals. divinitys and Goddesses In Greek mythology there were 12 main gods, that were prayed to and worshipped by the Athenians. It was said they lived on top of Mount Olympus. They resembled human form and through their stories of love, war and passion they were also viewed to have human feelings.The Greeks believed that the gods were immortal. The gods were associated with three main domains, paradise, sea and earth. The 12 gods were God/Goddess name Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Demeter Hephaestus Hera (Queen of heaven and wife of Zeus) Hermes (Messenger of the Gods) Hestia Poseidon Zeus (Lord of the Gods, Spiritual father of the Gods and the people) Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Earth Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Sea Heaven Dom ain Specialty Love, romance and beauty Sun, light, medicine, poetry and music War Hunting, the forest, wild spiritedness, childbirth and the moon Agriculture Fire Marriage and prank Business Home and Homelife The sea, horses and earthquakes The sky.Dio Crysostomos (97 A.D) declared the image of Zeus so powerful that, If a man, with a heavy heart from grief and sorrow in life, testament stand in front of the statue, he will forget all these. Athena (Patron goddess of Athens and daughter of Zeus) Heaven War, wisdom and crafts. record of Athena universe the patron goddess is the Athenian silver tetradrachm from 454-404 BC. Like on the coin, shes generally depicted wearing a helmet and shown with an owl or olive tree as they were sacred to her. According to mythology, she gifted the olive tree to the city of Athens. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 61256 PM Australian Eastern Standard whileAttica. Athens, c. 454-404 BC. Silver old-style tetradrachm. Head of Athena right, wearing crested helmet ornamented with olive leaves / Owl standing right, olive sprig and crescent moon behind. Apart from the main 12 gods and goddesses there were many others that were just as popular and worshipped just as much, for example, Dionysus. There is much evidence of the belief in these gods such as paintings, artworks and inscriptions, for example, a vase that has been dated back to 470-460 BC which depicts Zeus.Amphora, 470-460 B.C. This vase depicts Zeus aiming a lightening bolt at a giant with an eagle perched on his hand. Beliefs, practices and organisations Religion was a fundamental aspect of Greek life and the Athenian people incorporated it into their everyday lives as they believed their lives were dependent on the gods. It was believed that gods could interfere in the lives of men, so solicitation was used by the people, so the gods would take favour and act kindly towards them. Xenophon said The gods know everything and they give forewarnings to anyone they choos e through sacrices, omens, voices and dreams.The Athenians used sacrices, temples and prayers to honor concomitant gods and goddesses. They believed in the three Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was the youngest, she spun the thread of destiny with a distaff and determined the time of birth of an individual. Lachesis measured the thread length to determine the length of life and Atropos cut the thread of life, determining the time of death. Worship of the gods consisted of rituals and ceremonies. The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange Gods and goddesses were expected to answer prayers and military personnel were expected to give gifts and sacrices.Tara HeaslipWednesday, 19 June 2013 61256 PM Australian Eastern Standard periodEvidence of the sacrices made by the Athenians came from Lysias (around cd BC) who stated, By performing the proper sacrices, our ancestors left our city the close powerful and prosperous in Greece . It is therefore right that we offer the same sacrices as they did, if provided for the sake of the good fortune which has resulted. Sacrices were the central ritual act performed by Athenians. Animals sacriced had to be willing, therefore they would sprinkle water on it so itll lift its head and nod. The richer families gave a blood sacrice almost everyday, still the poor couldnt afford it. Treasuries were built at Olympia and Delphi to store unselfish offerings. Evidence of this is part of a female face with inlaid eyes which has been dated back to 4th cent. BC.Ancient Greek Votive offering, 4th cent. BC, fix up in a niche of a pillar in the sanctuary of Asclepios in Athens Athenian religion was characterised by a diversity of cults. spate joined cults because they wanted a closer connection with one particular god. Although everyone believed and worshipped all 12 Olympian gods there were cults to specic gods, especially those not apart of the Pantheon. Evidence of the cults was the Votive plaque which dates back to the mid-4th Century BC and depicts elements of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was a cult which celebrated Demeter and Persephone.Tara HeaslipWednesday, 19 June 2013 61256 PM Australian Eastern Standard TimeVotive plaque, discovered in the sanctuary at Eleusis (mid-4th century BC) Private worship included family prayers and wine offerings. In the home, there were household shrines and many people offered daily libations to different gods. Private rituals included prayers, meals and storytelling. This god would be chosen depending on the families needs and lifestyle. E.g. Demeter, if they were a farming(a)/farming family. They would pay this god special honor but made sure they didnt exclude any of the others. Worship of the gods also took place publicly. human race meetings opened with recognition of the gods, festivals were dedicated to the gods as were temples, statues and artworks and many sacrices made to the gods were a public event. Mockery of the gods wasnt regarded as blasphemy and was accepted in Athenian life. Evidence of this is Aristophanes play, The Frogs, which depicts Dionysus as cowardly, gluttonous and morally depraved, was acted at Athens at the Lenaean festival (B.C. 405). Temples and Sanctuaries The Acropolis is the oldest part of Athens, its the sacred hill and during the reign of Pericles it became the place of the most famous Athenian temples, shrines and statues dedicated to the Gods. Pericles building program further evidences the Athenians devotion to the gods in all aspects of daily life. Pericles built many temples in honour of the various gods and goddesses, particularly to Athena, to thank her for Athens success in the Persian wars.The Parthenon was a temple built on the Acropolis in 448-432 BC. It was built in dedication to Athena for the salvation of Athens and Greece in the Persian wars. It was also used as a treasury. A statue of Athena was built, by Phidias, inside which stood 10 me ters tall, made of ivory and gold. A big part of the Parthenon is the Panathenaic Frieze, which was made to depict the Panathenaic festival. Metopes were sculpted into the Parthenon. On the east side the struggle between the gods and the giants was depicted, on the air jacket side was an Amazonomachy, on the south side the battle between the lapiths and the centaurs was shown and depicted on the north side was the Trojan War. There were also many pedimental sculptures which depicted images such as the contest between Poseidon and Athena.Tara HeaslipWednesday, 19 June 2013 61256 PM Australian Eastern Standard TimeSouth Metope 31, Lapith and Centaur, 447-432 B.C. The Erechtheum is a temple on the northern side of the Acropolis and was dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. It was built between 421 and 407 BC and was designed to accommodate the Plynteria and the Panathenaia. Within the temple lived the sacred snake, which represent a spirit who was thought to keep the city safe. The snake was fed honey-cakes by the priestesses of Athena Polias. The snakes occasional refusal to eat the cakes was seen as a bad omen.Festivals The Panathenaia is a festival held annually and is the most important as it was dedicated to Athena. Its held on the 28th day of Hekatombaion which is believed to be Athenas birthday. Every four years the festival would be extended with many games and a contests being held, this was known as the Greater Panathenaia, whilst the festival held every other year was known as the lesser Panathenaia. The festival holds great religious signicance however it was used to implement the power and political supremacy of Athens. A salient part was the Panathenaic games included solo and group contests.The games began with individual activities such as wrestling, horse drawn chariot races and the pentathlon. The individual contests were open for all greek citizens however the group contests were reserved for Athenian citizens. The group contests consisted of a beauty contest between athletes, military dances and a mock combat. Participants from all over Greece were also invited to figure in musical and poetry competitions. A torch race took place in the evening and was then followed by a night of dancing and singing. Evidence of these competitions was the Panathenaic amphoras, which were given to the winners of competitions as a prize.Panathenaic Amphora, depicting foot races at the games, 530 B.C.Tara HeaslipWednesday, 19 June 2013 61256 PM Australian Eastern Standard TimeAmphora, depicting a musician performing with a music instrument used in festivals, 490 B.C. The next day held one of the most important aspects of the festival which was the Panathenaic procession. During this procession a peplos was given as a gift to Athena. A new one was woven and decorated for her every year. It was an honor to be chosen as one of the Ergastinai to make the peplos. Many offerings were brought on to the life size statue of Athena at the end of the procession. Only citizens were allowed to the Acropolis, everyone else remained at the gateway. The Hecatomb was made at the Acropolis. Upon the altar of Athena meat from sacriced animals such as cows and sheep was used in a ritual meal to end the festival, however only true people were invited to this. Evidence of the Panathenaia and the procession is the Parthenon frieze depicts many aspects of the festival such as the procession and the games.

Comparing Health Care Systems: The United States and Cuba Essay

For many years, the wellness caution in the unite constituted the best that any country had to offer (University of Maine, 2001). But as the facts would tend to display, it is slowly becoming whiz of the most inefficient in the world (Maine, 2001). The united States wellness precaution system may tout itself of being in the category of being the most expensive in the world, meaning a dearth of resources for the vexation it delivers (Reed Abelson, 2008). But the disparity in the amount that the pile spend and the quality of the service attached to that cost is seemingly not parallel to each other (Abelson, 2008).A report released on the coupled States wellness fretting system shows that the country is spending about twice the amount on the health cargon needs of its citizens is compared to that of the expenditures of other developed nations (Abelson, 2008). But if the prices of health care in the joined States, the country is listed at the bottom of countries that in the mortality of large number if treated with efficient checkup care (Abelson, 2008). This is a suppuration concern across the social spectrum of the United States (Meena Seshamani, Jeanne Ambrew & Joseph Antos, 2008). The amount that the United States spends annually on health care is truly staggering.In 2006, the United States spent $2. 1 trillion on health care services alone, double what the country allotted a decade back and about half of that is targeted in nine years time (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). The United States currently ranks as the third largest nation in the world, with a population of around 294 gazillion (Samuel Uretsky, 2008). Of this number, it is believed that approximately 75 million Americans have inadequate medical insurance or do not have insurance altogether (Abelson, 2008). It was also found that the quality and the copyants cost of health care greatly varies across the societal spectrum (Abelson, 2008).These cost drain the finances of Americ an businesses, which in turn contribute a quarter of the capital for health care needs (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). The costs to employers in terms of contribution to the health care fund increased by a staggering 98 share in the span of seven years- from 2000 to last year, which outstripped the increases in wages by four to one (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). In 2007, the cost of employee-based insurance cost about $12,000, roughly matching the wages for minimum wage employment (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008).Adding to the burden of high insurance payments is the fact that these have to be paid with higher service and deductions (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). This t similargs also has an impact on the senior citizens of the United States (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). Elderly Americans, in the current scenario, have to accumulate about $300,000 dollars in non-Medicare covered health costs (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). These costs have contributed to the a ccess of health care by many Americans (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008).Citizens who are covered by employer-based health insurance in 2006 fell basketball team percent, from 66 percent to about 61 percent in the six-year period preceding 2006 (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008). But how is health insurance in the United States given? The United States offers a variety of avenues of health insurance insurance coverage both from public funds and from the private sector (Uretsky, 2008). In a report released by the United States Census Bureau in 2003, it found that about 6 out of every 10 Americans were covered by employer-based health insurance, about 3 of the 10 from the government, and the remainder with no insurance (Uretsky, 2008).In 2001, it was found that the United States spent more than of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) than any other developed nation in the world (Uretsky, 2008). For that period, America spent more than 13. 9 percent of its GDP, compared to Japan, which s pent about 7. 8 percent Canada, 9. 4 percent and the United Kingdom, 7. 6 percent (Uretsky, 2008). It should be interesting to note that even if the United States outpaced Japan in terms of health care spending, the United States ranks just 24th in the world for life expectancy (Uretsky, 2008).Life expectancy in the United States is about 70 years old, while the valedictorian on the list, Japan, comes in at about 74. 5 years for its citizens (Uretsky, 2008). Memberships in life insurance and access to adequate health care have been shown to work together (Devi Sridhar, 2005). The approachability of health insurance is essential to instances and times that people would be able to rely on medical care in relation to the overall health of the soul (Sridhar, 2005). Lack of available health insurance will take a toll on a persons physical well-being (Sridhar, 2005).The individual will not be able to go to medical facilities for preventive medical discussion, fill out prescriptions, a nd will likely be receiving that medical treatment in the latter stages of a disease (Sridhar, 2005). Unlike the United States, Cuba, on the other hand, is not prone to the failures of the private and public fund problems found in the United States (Harvard Public Health Review, 2002). Cuban authorities exercise complete administrative, budgetary, and operational responsibility for the delivery of health care services for all its citizens (Harvard, 2002).The Cuban health care model is purely derived from the government, defining it as a public health care system seeking to provide universal health care coverage for all Cubans (Oxford Journals, 2008). It has been seen as a model of matching few available resources with the needs of the people in getting adequate medical care, often getting extremely high marks (Oxford, 2008). Compared to other developed nations, the United States has the distinction of being the only one that does not provide the availability of universal health care to its citizens (John Battista and Justine McCabe, 1999).In the developed world, it is found that 28 of the industrialized nations practice a single- payer system, while Germany practices a multi-payer system akin to the proposed system of the President Clinton (Battista, McCabe, 1999). This would lead most observers to take a second look at the health care system of the United States (Battista, McCabe, 1999). In the depth psychology of the American health system, it is good to debunk some of the fallacies and errors that have been around the effective and quality of the United States system of health (Battista, McCabe, 1999).The United States, though having one of the best health professionals and an exceptional system of delivery and technology, still lags behind some of the industrial worlds health system (Battista, McCabe, 1999). In fact, if some(prenominal) factors in health care statistics are considered, the report card for the United States is a dismal failure (Battista, M cCabe, 1999). Several of these factors would evidence how the system of health care in the United States has failed to give an improving system to its citizens. In 1960, America ranked 12th in terms of infant mortality (Battista, McCabe, 1999).In 1990, the United States ranked 21st in the world, settling at 23rd in recent times (Battista, McCabe, 1999). A central issue in the United States health system is the issue of universal health care. A current misconception of arguing against the consideration of universal health care is the prohibitive costs associated with it (Battista, McCabe, 1999). The opponents for the policy of a single payer system are of the belief that institutionalizing the policy avers that the country might end up paying withal much (Battista, McCabe, 1999).In fact, the United States is already paying about 40 percent more than any other country in health care spending per capita (Battista, McCabe, 1999). Two of the hook priorities currently in the area of hea lth care are the ever increasing costs in the provision of health and the decreasing levels of access to health care (Sridhar, 2005). This fact is continuing to drive a wedge between those that can afford to provide for their health care needs and those that can ill-afford to get or do not have the means and the opportunity to be covered by insurance (Sridhar, 2005).This problem of individuals not covered by the health care system in the United States is expected to expand also to affect the insured patients (Sridhar, 2005). The issue seems to be in how the universal system of health care would operate (Sridhar, 2005). Many opponents of the policy are criticizing the system as an added layer of the bureaucracy and might result in the centralization of the health care system (Sridhar, 2005). But the current practice of Americans in purchasing their health-care needs might be more expensive than the provision for universal health care (Sridhar, 2005).At present, and as mentioned earl ier, Americans are covered by health insurance in three ways it is a benefit to workers and retirees, through government programs and the procure of non-government insurance (Uretsky, 2008). But is the opposition to the universal, or single-payer, heath insurance system justified? The main opposition as again mentioned is the cost of the system (Battista, McCabe, 1999). In addition to the seeming overspending of Americans on health care, the institutionalization of the single payer system could means savings (Battista, McCabe, 1999).According to studies done by the Congressional Budget authority and the General Accounting office, it shows that with the practice of the single-payer system, the United States can accumulate $100 to $200 billion a year in health care savings, with the coverage expanding to cover uninsured individuals and improving the quality of services offered (Battista, McCabe, 1999). The Cuban Health System Making do with less, and then some As mentioned earlier, the health care system of Cuba is completely run and operated by the government (Seshamani, Ambrew & Antos, 2008).This health care system provides not only diagnostic procedures, but also preventive, therapeutic and meliorative treatments for the people of Cuba (Harvard, 2002). The Cuban health system is also distinguished as the one possessing the highest ratio in terms of people to doctors (The London School of economic science and Political Science, 2003). These health practitioners are trained in the countrys 21 medical educational facilities (London, 2003). In turn, the family physicians, as they are called, 20,000 of them, are tasked to mete out the health care system of the Cuban government, one family physician to about 600 people (London, 2003).It should also be noted that these achievements in the field of health acre by the government in Havana have been done in the presence of an economic embargo imposed by the United States since 1961 (Harvard, 2002). The embargo put exhausting restrictions on the ability of Cuba to source out funding for its health car initiatives (Harvard, 2002). Since these sanctions covered even the importation and food items and medical supplies, the Cuban government ripe a system of preventive cure as a means to cushion the impact of the embargo (Harvard, 2002).In essence, the family physicians, at least in epidemiologic terms, serve their fellow Cubans in the best way that they know how (London, 2003). Not only do the family physicians provide excellent preventive care, they also make it a point to provide treatment and diagnostics to prevent the onset of diseases upon the people (London, 2003). These family physicians are usually stationed in the nations consultorios, or small clinics find out in small neighbourhoods that they are assigned to. These doctors usually reside in the space above the clinic or just nearby (The Social Medicine Portal, 2006).These physicians attend to the patients who come in the morning to the clinic, then set out in the afternoon for home visitation for patients who are unable to come to the clinic (Social Medicine, 2006). For complicated and more delicate cases, the people can go a facility called a polyclinic (Social Medicine, 2006). These polyclinics, numbering about 400 scattered throughout the nation, function similar to a hospitals outpatient department (Social Medicine, 2006). Some outpatient procedures are administered here in the polyclinic, but the facility is mainly geared for consultation sessions with specialists (Social Medicine, 2006).Also, acupuncture, physical therapy sessions and ultrasound procedures are conducted in the facility (Social Medicine, 2006). This is the first level of health care in the island nation the second tier of care being administered by local and regional health care facilities (Social Medicine, 2006). The Cuban health system is one that can be characterized as an undivided, cohesive and devolved system that caters to the heal th and well-being of the people (Francisco Rojas Ochoa & Leticia Artiles Visbal, 2007).Also, the undecomposed to universal health care is guaranteed as a responsibility of the government under existing Cuban jurisprudence (London, 2003). In stark contrast to the Cuban guarantee of the right to free and adequate health care for its citizens, the United States does not obligate the government to deliver universal health care to is people as one of their rights as citizens of the United States (Battista, McCabe, 1999). This resiliency and dedication of Cuba to provide for its citizens was also seen as one of the reasons that health care delivery was not too affected by the economic crisis in the 1990s (Oxford, 2008).

Management and Organizational Structure

Management and Organizational anatomical structure Given the business topographic point for Spectrum Brand p. 251, explain how the firm might organize victimisation a Matrix organize for the organization. Spectrum Brands Corporation, after several years of producing and marketing only batteries has diversify by adding pet products, personal grooming items, and lawn and garden care products. To organize the Spectrum Brand, formerly known as Rayovac Corporation, using a matrix structure would claim setting up teams in distinct departments where lines of authority may intersect. This form of organizational structure is also c solelyed a project recognizement structure. Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009). If Spectrum where to develop a pet product that may be battery operated, this may require employees from the pet products division and battery division to work with a project conductor and their respective division managers to be successful in the development of this product. This organizational structure would be beneficial in this instance. Explain how the firm could operate using Multidivisional structure. The multidivisional structure or M-form of organizational structure organizes departments into larger groups called divisions.These divisions could be focused on either a product, region, or customer. There is delegation of decision do authority in a multidivisional structure (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009). With Spectrums diversified marketing, the firm could operate using a multidivisional structure by establishing divisions for each of its products. Discuss which structure would be more effective. Explain. I believe a multidivisional structure would be more effective and beneficial to the Spectrum Brand Corporation as it helps firms successfully manage the many demands of diversification (Organizational Structure and Controls p. 47). Since diversification is where Spectrum appears to be headed, the multidivisional structure will allow the company to (1) enable corporate officers to more accurately monitor public presentation of each division, simplifying control problems (2) facilitate comparisons between divisions, improving the resource allocation process (3) stimulate poorly performing divisions to look for ways of improvement (Organizational Structure and Controls p. 347). For each of your two organizational structures, give three examples of potential communication problems the structure might cause.Recommend corrective actions the company can take to conduct these issues. Matrix Structure -Potential Communication Problem When reporting to two managers employees may not know who to report to on certain tasks. Managers may have antithetical goals or different expectations or routes to meeting a certain goal or deadline. A potential communication problem can arise from different departments collaborating with half-size to no knowledge of the other. corrective ActionTo correct these potential communication deficienci es in a matrix organization structure, I urge on management outline all job responsibilities to include reporting assignments according to tasks. Division managers and project managers should also be very detailed and specific on all job tasks collaboratively. Expectations and exact means to meeting goals and deadlines should be clearly defined with employees should problems in communication arise.If a communication problem occurs due an issue with the wishing of knowledge of a product or task management should immediately assess the deficiency and provide any training or even span train departments to eliminate such occurrences. Multidivisional Structure-Potential Communication Problem Employees may feel less likely to air grievances. Employees may have different views or advance(a) ideas but feel reluctant to communicate these to management. Some product knowledge may not be shared across divisions although under the same company. Corrective Action The corrective action I wou ld recommend for potential communication problems n a multidivisional organizational structure would include always including select glower level employees in decision making. I would also recommend cross training employees to learn other products the company markets. For each of your two organizational structures, recommend the degree of centralization that would be most effective. Explain. For a matrix structure the degree of centralization that would be most effective would be a decentralise organization. With this degree of centralization, decision making is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009 p. 44) . In a multidivisional structure a centralise organization would be most effective because of the many divisions its comprised of. In a centralized organization authority is concentrated at the top and very little decision making authority is delegated to lower levels (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009 p. 243). References O. C. Ferrell, (2009 Custom Edition). Business A Changing World, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill. Organizational Structure and Controls. Retrieved May 2010 from http//asso. nordnet. fr/adreg/hitt%20et%20al%20chapitre%2011%20structure%20et%20controle. pdf

Cooperative Learning Advantages for English Language Learners

Concerted attainment is defined as any group larning activity organized in such a manner that attainment is dependent on the socially structured exchange of pedantic content every phone number good as other(a) information between the particular proposition group of scholars, and whereas each single scholar is account qualified for his/her ain encyclopaedism ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) . Furthermore, Kagan ( 2002 1994 ) states that concert acquisition go forth finally take to summing ups in the acquisition of other segments in the group. Kagan postulates ( 2002 ) that concerted acquisition is an first-class instruction scheme that promotes enhanced larning for diverse scholarly person populations and is particularly good for incline lingual communicating scholars. Noyes ( 2010 ) bring forward provinces that English linguistic parley scholars take parting in concerted larning groups non nevertheless increase overall apprehension of the English linguistic communication , they besides start deeper apprehension of donnish content every bit good as academic linguistic communication. Continuing research from Cummins ( 2009 ) suggest that pupils with diverse larning abilities, including pupils with larning disablements improve their accomplishments done the natural staging schemes found in concerted acquisition groups.What is Concerted Learning?Concerted propensity is basically a instruction method that utilizes critical groups of pupils or squads where, each pupil has a specific occupation or duty in the group. The instructor structures pupils of assorted ability degrees in a slight group, so that effectual staging for the English linguistic communication scholar will augment and heighten pupil larning. Students of different ability degrees participate in a assortment of larning activities designed by the instructor to better their overall apprehension of specific academic content or capable ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . Additiona lly, each member of the squad is responsible for a specific part of the content, but is besides compelled to assist other members of the group learn the needed content aim ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . take down modern-day research suggests that concerted acquisition creates favourable larning results for English linguistic communication scholars ( Murray, 2010 ) . Furthermore, by delegating unequivocal occupations or undertakings to each pupil, the group as a whole plant through the assignment and/or undertaking until each group member is able to successfully complete the activity and addition deeper apprehension of activity ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) .Cooperative acquisition has four basic rules with the acronym PIES. The P stands for positive mutuality, the I stands for single answerability, the E stands for equal engagement, and the S stands for coincident fundamental interaction ( Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . Kagan ( 1994 ) states that if any one o f these four BASIC rules is non implemented, no concerted acquisition will be involved. Therefore, it is indispensable that all four rules are utilized for the academic content country in order for concerted acquisition to happen with fidelity. Therefore, it is important that the instructor to the full understands the basic four basic rules and chorus from defunctness any of the cardinal constituents of concerted acquisition ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) .Both Kagan ( 2002 ) and Sharan ( 2010 ) further province that the concerted acquisition theoretic account leads to additions and expeditious apprehension for English linguistic communication scholars because group common-law(predicate) treatments lead to additions in the usage of the English linguistic communication through both colloquial duologue every bit good as written linguistic communication. By leting pupils to utilize and keep academic English conversations for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English, their develop more meaningful experience with the English linguistic communication, which in bend, leads to higher order believing accomplishments ( Sharan, 2010 Shaaban, 2006 Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) .Concerted acquisition is rather different from the direct direction learning theoretical account, every bit good as other traditional teaching methods. Traditional direction relies on the instructor to leave direct direction or talk to the pupils, while they sit passively, purportedly absorbing academic information in their encephalons, every bit good as understanding the English linguistic communication. However, even though the instructor may be patterning academic English linguistic communication throughout direct direction, research indicates that there are remote excessively few chances to utilize the English linguistic communication for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English. Besides, with traditional instruction theoretical accounts, div erse scholars have small(a) chance to increase academicvocabulary and content ( Chang, 2008 Gaith and Bouzeineddine, 2003 ) .Concerted Learning and English Language Acquisition for ELLsAs antecedently mentioned, by utilizing concerted acquisition constructions, the English linguistic communication scholar will develop and better their overall English linguistic communication ( Cummins, 2009 Shaaban, 2006 Kagan, 2002 ) . When farther analyzed, Sharan ( 2010 ) states that English linguistic communication scholars use the English linguistic communication in its natural context. Further, utilizing the English linguistic communication to heighten functional interaction and real-life conversations increases understanding and increases transference. Besides, pupils working together in concerted acquisition constructions tend to modify their degree of address to suit each other ( Murray, 2010 Chang, 2008 ) . Plus, pupils in concerted grouping are able to modulate their ain English lin guistic communication end product to guarantee that each squad member comprehends and understands each other ( Sharan, 2010 Kagan, 2002 ) . Another linguistic communication expediency for English linguistic communication scholars is they are speaking to a group member, as opposed to the full category, which allows the English linguistic communication scholars to derive some assurance with English. When concerted acquisition is implemented suitably, the squad members are supportive of one another during English linguistic communication acquisition ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 Kagan, 2002 ) .Other Benefits for English Language LearnersThere are several other benefits to cooperative larning for English linguistic communication scholars in add-on to greater academic accomplishment. Kagan ( 2002 ) states that pupils in concerted constructions develop improved self-esteem and beef up their societal accomplishments in category. Furthermore, pupils build community in their schoolroom by cu ltivating societal relationships and credence of pupils from other ethnicities or pupils with disablements ( Cummins, 2009 ) . With active pupil engagement, concerted larning Fosters increased enthusiasm for the category, school, and instruction ( Murray, 2010 ) .Teaching CautionsTeachers must be aware of the basic principals of concerted acquisition and really pass instructional clip learning the pupils how to efficaciously utilize non merely the scheme, but besides their single functions and duties ( Noyes, 2010 ) . The instructor is responsible for non merely academic content, but must vouch that the concerted group ( s ) will forbear from any negative remarks or comments directed toward any married person and/or work merchandise. Students must experience safe and secure in the concerted acquisition construction in order to accomplish maximal benefit and deeper apprehension of academic content ( Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . It is besides critical that all pupils understand their function in the group, every bit good as group and instructor outlooks ( Sharan, 2010 ) . Another consideration the instructor must turn to is the noise degree in the schoolroom. Good schoolroom direction is important for optimal pupil success. The instructor will hold to supervise the groups to be certain that pupils are on undertaking and that each squad member is an active participant. Furthermore, pupils need to actively get word every bit good as participate ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 ) .DecisionCooperative acquisition has been the topic of much research that continues today. Cummins ( 2009 ) posits that pupils have much higher happenings of unwritten English linguistic communication use throughout the instructional twenty-four hours when utilizing concerted acquisition schemes. Noyes ( 2010 ) concurs with several research workers sing the many benefits of concerted larning with English linguistic communication scholars. By leting pupils to actively listen and take part in gr oup acquisition, the belief among outstanding research workers is that concerted acquisition will shut the accomplishment spread so that all pupils will be able to win in school and so travel on to go successful members of the community. Concerted acquisition Teachs pupils non merely increased English linguistic communication accomplishments, but besides societal accomplishments, credence and tolerance of others, increased pupil duty, and additions in self-pride ( Sharan, 2010 Cummins, 2009 Kagan, 2002 ) .

Argument Against the Death Penalty

Argument Essay for the goal penalization Every day through media streams, we assure news about murders, homicides, and killing. It is hard to spend a day without hearing about these things nowadays. We have our own right to our own lives, but that doesnt fee-tail we have rights to the person sitting next to us or anyone else. Ive studied on this topic for almost a year now and I know main issues cogitate to this topic and a few important historical movements related to the death penalisation.In the past few years, the death penalization was a controversial issue in many pro death punishment nations like the United States, China, Iran and many more. Since 1990, more than thirty countries abolished the death penalty because it was considered libertine (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). Supporters of the death penalty consider killing the person who killed others plurality and that supports why the death penalty is immoral in many ways. First, it violates religious views and beliefs , innocent people get wrongly accused and mostly executed, costs way too much money, and lastly it is not how we deal with crimes.California and Oklahoma were two states involved in the death penalty survey proving that it has reduced crime rate or not (Gorecki). The survey proved to be negative showing that the death penalty actually had increased crime rate rather than decreasing it (Gorecki). Professor Craig Haney of University of California at Santa Cruz conducted the survey on 800 citizens of Santa Cruz, they were chosen randomly by their companionable security numbers (Gorecki). Professor Haney conducted this homogeneous kind of survey back in 1989 when he received strong favor of the death penalty (Gorecki).In 1989, 74% of 800 citizens favored the death penalty, but in 2009, those numbers fell drastically to 44% (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). The Supreme Court cases Ballard v. Florida, Thibodeaux v. Louisiana are some of the many new-fashioned cases of innocent execution th at took place in less than a decade (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). There are many other reasons that I will present after in this essay to prove that the death penalty is not a rightful way to punish a criminal (Schabas). To abolish the death penalty, we should replace it with aliveness impounding without pa image.Doing so will save us money and maybe increase budgets for things that communities require, it could save the lives of innocents from dying, no more impingement of the Eighth Amendment and man morals, and no evidence that it deters crime rate. First, Innocent people are getting executed ever since the death penalty has been around. The death penalty has claimed lives of 141 innocent citizens since 1973-today with lesser over half being black and the other half are whites and other races (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). The Innocence protection Act became a law in 2004 (Ross).Law had a huge effect on innocent executions because the law forced the Supreme Court to test th e deoxyribonucleic acid of an inmate and match it with the sample found at the crime scene (Guernesey). Act also started charging money to the United States prisons for all wrong conviction made since the effect of the law (Guernesey). Innocent convictions were also caused by racism, bribing, eyewitness error, snitch, government misconduct, and false confessions. To stop innocent executions we should appeal to the courts to allow two different lawyers to have a look in at the same case for errors that could have been missed by one.Judges should not go straight on conclusion, but ask if anyone on both sides have a slow doubt they might want to clear, and Secondly, the death penalty costs up to $117 million for up to four executions per year (Costanzo). Estimated cost for keeping an inmate in a cell until the execution date average around $90,000 $95,000 (Costanzo). State of California itself has held 1940 executions since 1978 up until 2009 estimated total cost for 1940 execution was around $4 jillion (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). In comparison to the death penalty cases, life imprisonment cases cost 4 times less (Costanzo).The United States can save up to $12 million per year if the death penalty gets replaced by life imprisonment without parole (Costanzo). The American Civil Liberties Union reviewed the statistics on taxpayers money and concluded that, some $90 million goes towards the death penalty executions (Costanzo). Capital trails costs up to $11 million per execution comparing to $4 million for life imprisonment (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). Almost everyone in the United States, whether theyre against the death penalty or not, complains about current condition of the US economy not being very good.Due to that fact, we should replace the death penalty with life imprisonment this could save money for infrastructures, schools, colleges and health care and increase their yearly budgets. Biases also play a big role in determining who will and who will not get executed (Ross). Types of biases that Im referring to are racial bias and class bias, and political bias (Ross). According to NAACP (National connection of the Advancement of Colored People), out of 40 percent of inmates on death row, 12 percent accused inmates are penalized due to the racial bias in their case (Winters147).Another study was conducted by NAACP, informing us that killers of whites are more likely to get executed than the killers of black (Ross). To avoid racial bias effecting peachy punishment decisions, U. S. Senate suggested a Racial Justice Act, an act that outlawed any case that was suspected and held under racial discrimination, but it was consistently defeated (Bohm). sort out biases are much more common than racial bias, class biases occurs when a lower class person gets accused and doesnt have enough wealth to aim a good defense lawyer (Haag 167).Protagonist side would argue that the death penalty cause deterrence in crime rates, DNA Testing del iver many innocent victims, even bible supported the death penalty, Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (Genesis 96) and life imprisonment keep the timidity alive inside victims family. The American Civil Liberties Union collected some selective information on crime rates over the past few years and concluded that, the pro death penalty states had higher crime by up to 46 percent than the states without the death penalty (www. aclu. org).Statistics showed that, Eventhough, crime rates in the pro death penalty states has decreased, crime rates in states without the death penalty had also decreased. In 2011, 11,221 people were killed in thirty-four pro death penalty states, whereas only 6,395 people were killed in sixteen anti-death penalty states (www. deathpenaltyinfo. com). DNA examination was first used in 1990s, but massive effect of that system took place in the September 2011 when it saved 273 lives of innocents tha t were once announced guilty (www. aclu. org). DNA system saved 75 percent of innocent convictions in past few years, but what about rest 25 percent (www. clu. org)? Now this could be where the class biases come in, rich people could force to not have DNA testing conducted with the power of their money, or poor people could not generate a tests like these once they started paying lawyer fees (www. aclu. org). Pro-death penalty people would also argue that if the death penalty is replaced with life imprisonment without parole, it would keep the fear of criminal being alive inside them. But return about other side effects the death penalty is having on the society, the death penalty is doing nothing but executing.As mentioned earlier in the essay, the death penalty does not deter crime rate, it kills innocent people, and it costs 4 times more than life imprisonment (Costanzo). The life imprisonment could save lives of many innocent people who would have been executed by the death pe nalty. Exactly what people are upset(a) about are inmates escaping the prisons, but there are low chances of escaping, because according to the Bureau of Justice Department, in 2006, inmates escape rate was 3 percent for every 2 million inmates (www. bjs. ov). In 2011, numbers are around 1. 3 percent per 2 million inmates (www. bjs. gov). I am sure that if everyone knew all facts related to the death penalty, they would have never stood by it and it is not late to be so yet. By looking at the both sides carefully and patiently, I think we should replace death penalty with life imprisonment, because death penalty has many bad effects like high costs, innocent executions, different types of biases effecting final judgment, violation of the eighth amendment and human morals.Whereas, life imprisonment 4 times less than the death penalty, and innocent people have a chance to be scanty if they are proven not guilty. It is not our job to take revenge on people, listen to the word of crea tor, Do not take revenge, my friends, but exit room for Gods wrath, for it is written It is mine to avenge I will repay. Work Cited Bohm, Robert M. Ultimate Sanction Understanding the conclusion Penalty through Its Many Voices and Many Sides. New York Kaplan Pub. , 2010. Print. 13 Feb. 2013Costanzo, Mark Just revenge costs and consequences of the death penalty St. Martins Press, New York, Academic wait Complete, 1997. Print. 18 January 2013. Gorecki, Jan. Capital Punishment Crimial Law and Social Evolution. New York Columbia UP, Academic Search Complete, 2000. Print. 22 January 2013. Guernsey, JoAnn Bren. The Death Penalty Fair Solution or Moral Failure? Minneapolis Twenty-First Century, 2010. Print. 22 February 2013. Schabas, William. The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge, U. K. Cambridge UP, Academic Search Complte 1997. Print. 11 February 2013. Winters, Paul A. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA Greenhaven, Academic Search Complet e 1997. Print. 20 February 2013. United States. Bureau Of Justice. US Department of Justice. Prisoners in 2011. By Ann E. Carson and William J. Sabol. N. p. , Dec. 2012. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. Cooper, David. Deterrence States Without the Death Penalty Have Had Consistently Lower Murder Rates. Death Penalty Information Center. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. .

Favourite Book Essay

The best retain ever is GermanFirst of all I have to admit that Im non a great carry-lover, I dont read a lot and this is a grace as I know I could improve my knowledge, my vocabulary, my ability in speaking and my fantasy too, besides unfortunately I great dealt find lot of free time to dedicate to books. Or, when I find it, I get tired soon and I cant stay bear for a long time. Sometimes I re-discover the pleasure of reading especially when I find a book or an article- that captures me. This has been the case of Christiane F.- Wir kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo, an extraordinary book I read twice (never happened before) that I can consider my favourite book at all. Christiane is a girl who lived the crazy Seventies in Berlin in this autobiographic book she tells her unregulated life from the difficulties of the tykehood to the age of twenty, when she had just came out of the tunnel of drug. Her pugnacious father divorced from her careless mother and Christiane, with her teeny-wee ny sister, had to move to Gropiusstadt, where she met the degrading side of life. When she was 12 she weed marijuana for the fist time, following with LSD, ephedrine, mandrax, until she turned 14 and took Heroine. Since then, she had been taking drugs almost everyday, earning money with prostitution and little robberies. Her mum, after having found the girl fainted in the bathroom with a syringe in a vein, tried every possible rehab but she succeeded only at the age of 17. Christiane still lives in Berlin, has a child and she has had some relapses, but she never forgets her story, also made of friends who died for overdose. I think her life is told in a super-realistic way, full of passions, feelings and emotions that the reader can sense in first person. I loved so overmuch this book that I went to Berlin and I visited Christianes places trying to imagine what was the context like at her age. I have hundreds of thing to add, but I must finish here, so I recommend this book with all my heart

The Study of English Reading Strategies for English Majors in Ielts

The Study of incline interpretation strategies for face majors in IELTS side Education Department of College of Foreign Languages Capital typical University June 2012 Contents I. Introduction3 II. Literature Review. . 4 2. 1 The commentary of education . 4 2. 2 The definition of incline adaptation schema .. 5 2. 3 The version taste items in IELTS . 6 2. 4 The position training strategies in IELTS 7 III. Re lookup methodological analysis7 3. 1 Instruments 3. 2 Research Setting and sampling 9 3. 3 trope. .. 9 3. 4 Analyzing Procedures.. 9 IV. Results and Discussion 10 4. 1 Results 10 4. 2 Discussion.. 12 V. Conclusion.. 13 5. 1 Major captureings13 5. 2 Implications14 5. 3 Limitations. 15 5. 4 Future studies. 15 VI. References.. 15 Appendix . 7 I. Introduction 1. Background of the look Nowadays, more and more Chinese students distinguish to composition or travel abroad, so incline becomes more and more important. International position Language interrogatory S ystem (IELTS) is an international standardized hear of slope language proficiency (Wikipedia, 2011). It becomes unriv altogethered of the most ordinary examinations for those who want to go abroad. In IELTS, see is the most difficult part for me very(prenominal) candidates, beca white plague in angiotensin-converting enzyme hour candidates should finish 3 transportations and 40 test items. And most candidates realise problems either take c atomic number 18ing the bow matter or completing all the sections. Keller, 2010) Even English majors, can not do hygienic in the rendition test. They usually lose mevery lashings in t individuallying test. Almost every examinee wants to improve their standard of schooling. Although they try to character round strategies which were taught by their teachers or trainers, they cant drop these strategies efficaciously. Many scholars (Li, 2010Luo, 2010Shen, 2011Yao, 2011Tierney, Robert J. 2000 Readence, John E. , Hosenfeld, Carol, 20 03) from home and abroad drive home noticed that the use of English interpreting strategies ar very important and useful for candidates to do the English course session schoolbooks in IELTS.They as well as find that how to use various strategies effectively. For example, glide is iodine of the most frequently utilize strategies in IELTS. Skimming refers to practice a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is some, without trying to belowstand its details. said by Dr Vivek(2009). 2. meaning of the research Although teachers and trainers make water introduced many strategies of English interpret, most of the students, even English majors who take the exam of IELTS, always make many mistakes in the rendering tests. In fact, many scholars (Li, 2010Luo, 2010Shen, 2011Yao, 2011Tierney, Robert J. 2000 Readence, John E. Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) or teachers establish already concluded various strategies for English reading test. For example, students or examinees should use the strategy cutming to reading a paragraph or a passage quickly to get an idea of what it is slightly, without trying to understand its details. However, many students, even English majors, just know the meaning of skimming, precisely cannot moderate this strategy correctly and effectively to their reading test. In addition, because the time is limit, examiners do not have time to use the reading strategies he has learnt. Or maybe they havent developed the reading skills in his originator study.Therefore, research in this ara volition be of great significance. This research aims to find out English Majors condition and the existing problem in utilize the reading strategies in IELTS. For students and examinees, it depart jockstrap them to understand the basic meaning of each strategy, to dust their own reading skills, and to use various strategies effectively in different anatomys of reading test items IELTS and to make less mistakes in the test. 3. Hypothesis This study aims at investigating what the reading strategies are, when they should be use and how to use various strategies effectively.It can provide some suggestions of development reading strategies for English majors to take the exam of IELTS. 4. Research questions What are the English reading strategies in IELTS for English majors? When various strategies can be used in different reading test items in IELTS? How to use various strategies in IELTS reading test effectively? II. Literature Review 2. The definition of reading Far from being a passive skill, reading, is in fact, an active process in which readers interrelate culture in the text to what they already know. Knowledge of language allows readers to identify the printed delivery and sentences.The purposes of comfortably readers are meaningful that they do not decode each letter or each condition. Instead, they take in chunks of the text and relate it to what they know. Traditionally, many psychologists and teachers ha ve insisted that reading is nothing more than decoding writing symbols to sounds. (i. e. evaluate out what the printed word says). Others traditionally have insisted that reading involves not only decoding from print to sound, but overly comprehending the written material. Forrest-Pressley and Waller (1984) felt that reading is not merely a decoding process nor it is altogether a acquaintance. exercise process is not just a decoding plus experience but reading involves even more. It involves at least tierce types of skills decoding, comprehension and nature reading strategies (Forrest-Pressley & Brown, 1984 Brown, 1980). Besides, reading traditionally has been considered as cognitive t pick up. An unfortunate consequence of such a view of reading is that there has been no agency for concern for the executive control that is d wizard by a skilled reader. Only recently have some(prenominal) authors (e. g. Baker Brown, 1984 Brown, 1980 Myers & Pairs, 1928) suggested that readin g might involve metacognition as well as cognition.Johnson (1983) has attempted to glide path the issue of accessing comprehension from a rational point of view. He premier considers what reading comprehension is, and whence considers what factors influence it and its assessment including reader and text characteristics. He comes to a definition of reading comprehension That is reading comprehension is considered to be a complex behavior, which involves conscious and unconscious uses of various strategies, including problem solving strategies, to prove a model of the meaning, which is assumed to have intended.The model is constructed using schematic knowledge structures and the various systems, which the generator has given (e. g. terminology, syntax, macrostructure, social knowledge) to generate hypotheses, which are tested using carious logical and pragmatic strategies. about of this model must be inferred, since text can never be fully explicit and, in popular, very litt le of it is explicit because even the appropriate intentional and extensional meanings of words must be inferred from their context. (1983). 2. The definition of English reading strategyIt would be championful to review a concise definition of reading strategies, but unfortunately, there is no consensus among researchers. At least, ternion problems persist. First, it is not clear how to differentiate reading strategies from opposite processes that might be called thinking, reasoning, perceptual study or motivational strategies. Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined cognitive strategies as a broad array of actions that uphold to control behavior, emotions, motivation, communication, attention, and comprehension.Although each kind of strategies might influence reading, not all researchers would classify them as reading strategies. A second problem concerns the scope strategies are they global or specific? Levin (1986) argued that strategies include bigeminal components that must be diligently analyzed, whereas Derry and Murphy (1986) distinguished strategies as general learning plans that are difficult to demarcate when they are embed in complex sequences of behavior or hierarchies of decision. The third problem involves internationality and consciousness, considering these opposing viewpoints. To be a strategy, the means must be utilise deliberately, with some awareness, in aim to produce or influence the goal. (Wellman, 1988) Also, it is now recognized that strategies function at its best occurs without deliberation. It is more reflexive than voluntary (Pressley, Forrest-Pressley & Elliot-Faust, 1988) Since the 1970s there has been no curtage of L2 (Second Language Learning) theorists advocating didactics students to use a variety of reading strategies in order to read break.There strategies run argument form the traditionally recognized reading skills of skimming and scanning, contextual guessing or skipping unknown words, tolerating ambiguity, readi ng for meaning, particular reading and make inferences, to more recently recognized strategies text structure (Block). Researchers in the L1 (First Language Learning) and L2 palm have demonstrated that strategy used is different in proficient readers. More proficient readers use them in different ways. 2. The reading test items in IELTS TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN SUMMARY headspring MUTILPCHIOCE COMPLETION SHORT ANSWER TABLE MATCHING In our research, we ordain focus on the both kinds of reading test items in IELTS TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN and MUTILPCHIOCE. In IELTS, these both kinds of test items are used with high frequency. Many of the examinees in IELTS often make mistakes in these twain kinds of test items. Therefore, we will carry out research of reading strategies on these two parts and figure out whether English majors use reading strategies to do these two kinds of test items in IELTS. 2. The English reading strategies in IELTSSearch reading is the strategy likely to be u sed by candidates to help them find specific information and answer as quickly and accurately as possible in reading examinations. Search reading is defined by Urqhuart and Weir (1998) as the strategy used to locate and comprehend discrete pieces of information on predetermined topics in order to answer a set of questions or provide data. According to the authors, the readers do not necessarily have to start by reading the whole text to get the gist. Moreover, search reading seems to be compatible at different points with scanning, skimming and careful global reading (i. . comprehension of the important ideas in the text). That is, the first step in search reading involves the process of locating (scanning) the words that are noted in a question and matching them to the same or related information in the text. Skimming is then(prenominal) used to select the specific text that seems important to answer the question. Consequently, the text selected will be read more carefully to fin d out if it definitely answers the question, which means careful global reading will then take place (by reference to the parts of the text selected and not to the whole text, as discussed above).Search reading is also addressed by other authors such as Dreher (1992), Guthrie and Kirsch (1987), Symons and Specht (1994), as well as Enright et al. (2000) specifically in relation to English language reading examinations. III. Research Methodology 1. Instruments In this research, we will use individual call into question and think aloud as our research methods. The main advantage of face-to-face or direct interviews is that the researcher can adapt the questions as necessary, clarify surmise and ensure that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the questions. Peter,2010) The researcher can also pick up nonverbal cues from the respondent. Any discomfort, stress and problems that the respondent experiences can be detected through and through frowns, nervous t aping and other body language, unconsciously exhibited by any person. We will design several questions related to our topic. A notcapable advantage of think aloud protocols over individual interviews as a data collection method with respect to information behavior is that they are at least able to elicit data at the time of the experience in question and the accuracy of the material contributed will therefore not be affected by lapses in memory. Manguel, 2008) To investigate whether a search reading strategy is used in reading examinations, a questionnaire asked 40 international postgraduate students who had done IELTS which strategies they used when reading text and answering questions in the academic reading task. The questionnaire was composed of a single question, which asked participants to choose the stairs they followed and to put them in order (as illustrated in Appendix A). These steps were based on the steps recommended for the IELTS reading module (Jakeman & McDowell, 200 1), but three steps were added to extend the scope of the questionnaire.Participants reported that they underlined the differentiate words in the questions (23 participants), scanned the passage to find the key words (23 participants) and read the text just about the key word carefully after finding it (30 participants). These results, therefore, suggest that the most common strategy used when reading under time pressure in examinations is compatible with search reading (as described at the beginning of this section). Furthermore, it seems that two distinct aspects of selective processing are involved in search reading perceptual and conceptual processing of text.This distinction is based on Massons (1982, 1985) characterization of cognitive processes in skimming stories. Applying Massons system to English language reading examinations, candidates may look for visual features, i. e. key words, in the text relevant to the question, which is a perceptual process. Having located the pertinent information, they then more carefully read the phrases containing the key words so that the answer can be found, accurately comprehended and extracted to answer the question, which is a conceptual process. 2.Research Setting and sampling We did our research in Capital Normal University. In this research, we chose three English majors to be the interviewees. First, the three interviewees attended the interview one by one. They were asked some questions about English reading strategies. These might help us researchers know more about the interviewees and their knowledge, opinion and recognition of reading strategies. Then, the three interviewees attended the think-aloud one by one. We researchers chose one piece of IELTS reading passage for the interviewees to finish.During the test, they were asked some questions about the test items and their feelings about reading test while they were doing the test. The whole passage Search begins for globe beyond solar system (shown in the appendix) 3. Design During the interview, we will ask interviewees to answer some questions about reading strategies, such as their recognition of English reading strategies, the usage of reading strategies, the effect of using reading strategies, etc. During the think-aloud, we will give each of them a piece of IELTS reading passage, and ask them to finish all the exercises after the passage.When they are doing the exercise, we will ask them one or two questions of each test item about English reading strategies. 4. Analyzing Procedures tint 1 Select three English majors from the CNU in different levels. Step 2 The three interviewees will be interviewed individually. Several questions about reading strategies will be asked. Their answer will be record in a excel file. Step 3 The three students will attend the think-aloud interview one by one. During they do the reading test, several designed questions will be asked. Step 4 Collect their answers and compare with each other. When did you begin Will you use reading schooling strategies can helpWould you like to How about your Do you know what is readingto know reading strategies during reading you improve your English inknow more about reading scores? strategies? strategies? texts? Please lay out thesewhich aspects? reading strategies? by using frequency. Candidate A The first question replace the original words by using the four choices. uncertainty 2 5 rereading the text, and then finding out the key sentences and translating. The first question using exclusive method to leave out C and D, and then using scanning. Question 2 5 using skimming strategy firstly to find out these statements, and then using scanning strategy to get the right answers. From the above table, we can find out exclusive method, skimming and scanning are three reading strategies most frequently used by candidates. Usually, when candidates finish multiple choice questions, they would like to use exclusive m ethod to ignore one or two interferential choices. And then they can choose possible answer from rest two choices, so they have 50% prospect to get right answer. Question 2 to question 5 are real or incorrect questions. Candidates used skimming to find out where are these sentences in the original text.When they focused on one sentence, they will use scanning to search for certain words to figure out whether the statement is authorized or false or not given. 4. Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate the condition of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS. The findings clearly suggest that most students have learnt and used the strategies in their reading. For the multiple choice items in the IELTS exam, scanning is the most useful strategy. We can find out the relational part of the key words in the item.The students who have learnt the reading strategies outperformed those who didnt know the reading strategies in every aspect as shown by their pe rformance during the think-aloud part. (The first student and third student have learnt English reading strategies before, while the second student did not know reading strategies before. So he used longer time finishing the same number items but failed in the exam. ) They showed particular strengths in the IELTS reading section, suggesting that the reading strategies they have been taught really help the students to understand and focus on the test of their reading.It also seems to be the case that skimming should become a natural first step to any kind of reading readers do - articles, books, newspapers, and even advertisements or bus schedules( , 1999). In the short answer questions part, skimming is decent more helpful for examinees. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and the first lines of each section or paragraph. The examinees fatality to catch the key points of the test in limited time, so skimming can save up much time th an reading the test one word after another.Another reason for the benefits of reading strategies may be that scanning is a search for information which is often some specific information ( , 1997). This supports and adds to the findings of Wang Li (2011), who showed similar results for English reading strategies. In the current/false/not given items, scanning can not be more proper than any other strategies. scan a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose.Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the questions ask for factual information. This study has taken a step in the direction of justifying the effect of English reading strategies for English majors in the IELTS. These reading strategies can not only promote students disposition when they do reading exercises, but also improve students reading ability. It may be the case that students who do not familiar with the reading strategies may be easily fail the IELTS compared to those who have already learnt and use reading strategies before.It is also not clear whether skimming and scanning are the most useful reading strategies for IELTS, such as note-taking and summary would succeed to the same extent. The approach outlined in this study should be replicated with other students in other classes, as well as at other levels in order to be able to recommend the effect of English reading strategies for IELTS for English majors. V. Conclusion 5. Major findings 1. English reading strategies in IELTS From the whole research, we find that although there are so many reading strategies in reading text, informants use skimming and scanning most frequently.In IELTS reading test, there are 8 types questions true(a) or false questions, summary, heading, multiple choice, completion, short answer, table and matching, while, scanning and skimming can be used in most kinds of questions. In other words, scanning and skimming are the basic reading strategies in IELTS reading test. 2. The proper way to use various reading strategies in IELTS It is generally believed the first passage is easier than the second and third. Sometimes, however, this doesnt hold true. So, before attempting the passages, informants do an overview to get an idea about the subject matter.Different strategies can be adopted to attempt different passages. These may be skimming and scanning, reading intensively and a hit-and-trial method. In this research, we will just focus on two kinds of reading strategies-skimming and scanning. The formats of the questions in the IELTS are multiple choice, gap-fills, short answer questions, matching and true/false/not given. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and first lines of each section or paragraph. Also notice the key words repeated throughout the text.The main purpose is to understand the gist the general idea of the text. When you need to giv e a title of the test, skimming can help you. Also, matching part acquire you to skim the test in a short time. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose. Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the questions ask for specific factual information. For example, in the multiple choices, gap-fills, true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more helpful than any other strategies. . Implications As it can be seen in the findings and discussion, English majors do know some English reading strategies while they are doing reading tests. In IELTS, the reading strategies for different kinds of reading test items are various. So this research may help English majors understand more about the English reading strategies for different reading test items in IELTS. They may get higher scores in IELTS after knowing and making full use of the various reading strategies. 5. Limitations In al l, the research findings are limited by the very nature of the method used.For example, the interviews are finished only in one university and the interviewees are only three. The data may not be accurately. The study of the English reading strategies and the reading test items in IELTS are limited. We just conduct the research on some of the strategies and two kinds of test items. However, due to the physical condition, time limitation, etc, the limitations cannot be overcome. 5. Further studies In the future, we may focus on the study of the rest kinds of English reading strategies and reading test items.It is believed that reading strategies come to help for students or examinees to take exams. The further studies may be helpful for English majors to do reading tests better in IELTS. VI. References 1. Camboune, B. (2001). Why do some students fail to learn to read? Ockhams razar and the conditions of learning. The Reading Teacher, 54, (8), 784-786 2. Csaba Csikos and Janos Stekla cs, Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students, 2010 3. Davis, M. , & Lyons, S. (2001). Improving reading Reading ideas from two teachers. Voices from the Middle 8, (4), 51-57. . Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for Reading, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http//www. aippg. com/ielts/reading-tips-ielts. html 5. Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for the Reading Test, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http//www. aippg. com/ielts/strategies%20for%20reading. htm 6. Dreher, M. J. (1992). Searching for information in textbooks. ledger of Reading, 35 (5), 364371. Web of Science Times Cited 14 7. Enright, M. K. , Grabe, W. , Koda, K. , Mosenthal, P. , Mulcahy-Ernt, P. & Schedl, M. (2000). TOEFL 2000 reading framework A working paper. TOEFL Monograph Series Report No. 17.Princeton, NJ educational exam Service. 8. Forrest-Presley and Waller (1984) Metacognition About Reading Is Related to Reading Performance A comment About Jacobs and Paris educational Psychologi st Volume 24, Issue 2, 1989 9. Guthrie, J. T. & Kirsch, I. S. (1987). Distinctions between reading comprehension and locating information in text. Journal of Educational psychology, 79 (3), 220227. CrossRef,Web of Science 10. Hosenfeld, Carol A Preliminary Investigation of the Reading Strategies of Successful and No productive Second Language Learners http//eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. sp? _nfpb=true=EJ162478=no=EJ162478 11. Hurst,C. O. (2000). Guided reading can strengthen comprehension skills. Teaching Pre k-8 31, (2) 70-71 12. Jakeman, V. & McDowell, C. (2001). IELTS practice tests plus Teaching not just testing. Harlow, Essex Longman. 13. Johnson, P. (2002). Strategies that work Teaching comprehension to resurrect understanding. Instructor, 111 (8), 30-43 14. Keller, J. M. (2010). IELTS Reading Strategies. Tcyonline. Retrieved from http//www. tcyonline. com/betterthink/ielts-reading-test-strategies 15. Macmilland Dictionary ttp//www. macmillandictionary. com /dictionary/british/IELTS 16. Masson, M. E. J. (1982). Cognitive processes in skimming stories. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8 (5), 400417. CrossRef,Web of Science 17. Masson, M. E. J. (1985). Rapid reading processes and skills. In G. E. MacKinnon & T. G. Waller (Eds. ), Reading research Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 4. (pp. 183230). New York Academic Press. 18. Symons, S. & Specht, J. A. (1994). Including both time and accuracy in defining text search efficiency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26 (3), 267276.Web of Science Times Cited 5 19. Tierney, Robert J. Readence, John E. Reading Strategies and Practices A Compendium. Fifth Edition. http//eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true=ED448405=no=ED448405 20. Urqhuart, S. & Weir, C. (1998). Reading in a second language Process, product and practice. London Longman. 21. Wikipedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/IELTS 22. . (2011) , ,Retrieved from http//bj. xdf. cn/ expel/portal24/tab16996/info647081. htm 23. J. . 010. 10 24. J. ( )2010. 9 25. J. ( ). 2011. 7 26. J. . 2011. 12 Appendix 1. Individual Interview Questions 1. Do you what is reading strategies? 2. When do you begin to learn about reading strategies? 3. , , Do you usually use the reading strategies in doing reading tests? What kind of strategies did you use? Please put them in order according to frequency. 4. Do you think reading strategies do help in your reading test? And how? 5. , Whats your reading score in the across-the-board reading? 2. The whole passage Search begins for Earth beyond solar system Staff and agencies Wednesday December 27, 2006 guardian Unlimited 1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another Earth among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan unawares after 2. 20pm. 3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small granitic planets beyond the solar system.Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find any little green men. 4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds. . At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not release to find any little green men, professoressor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water. 7.To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a transit. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. 8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like muff planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth which will cause the most